Evidence-based effects and studies
Detailed analysis of research findings
In patients with hyperthyroidism, plasma homocysteine was low and inversely related to B-vitamins (including cobalamin); after antithyroid therapy homocysteine increased while folate and cobalamin decreased.
In CAD patients with high homocysteine, B-vitamin therapy (folic acid, B6, B12) markedly lowered tHcy but had minimal effects on oxidative stress markers and only a small reduction in serum amyloid A.
In a randomized vitamin B therapy trial in diabetic nephropathy patients, 3D ultrasound vessel wall volume increased over time in one treatment group while IMT showed no between-group differences.
Prophylactic IV hydroxocobalamin in high-risk cardiac surgery patients reduced vasoplegia incidence and vasopressor needs while improving blood pressure and lactate.
Pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial in cancer patients found no significant effect of a B-group vitamin on clinician-assessed neuropathy score, but patients reported less sensory neuropathy on patient questionnaires.
High-dose B-vitamin therapy (including 1 mg B12) in kidney transplant recipients lowered homocysteine and produced modest but significant improvements in processing speed and memory over ~3.3 years.
Partially replacing animal proteins with plant proteins for 12 weeks lowered iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in healthy adults.
In hemodialysis patients, high-dose B-vitamin therapy including vitamin B12 did not reduce total mortality or cardiovascular events over ~2 years.
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of B-vitamin therapy (including B12) in elderly: biomarkers improved (tHcy and MMA) but short-term treatment did not improve movement or cognitive tests.
B-vitamin supplementation (including B12 and folic acid) markedly lowered homocysteine but did not change markers of inflammation or haemostasis in PAOD patients over 6 weeks.
Large clinical-trial analysis found weak or no consistent relationships between one‑carbon biomarkers (including vitamin B12) and depression severity or antidepressant response.
Across cross-sectional and short intervention studies, folate status correlated with chromosome stability but short-term supplementation (including a folate+B12+B6 arm) did not change micronucleus frequency or cell proliferation.
Daily B-vitamin pill did not change overall cancer rates in people after stroke/TIA; diabetics had more and non-diabetics had fewer cancers with treatment in a post-hoc analysis.
At 10 years after bariatric surgery, adherence to calcium–vitamin D supplements was associated with substantially lower prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency.
At 10 years after bariatric surgery, adherence to calcium–vitamin D supplements was associated with substantially lower prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency.
In a long-term randomized trial subset, daily multivitamin/mineral (Centrum) increased plasma vitamin B12, folate, vitamin E and improved some other nutrient statuses versus placebo.
120 women with type 2 diabetes on a low-calorie diet were given a multivitamin-mineral complex for 3 weeks; those receiving the complex showed greater improvements in some micronutrient levels and glycemia.
A 4-week vitamin supplement increased vitamin B12 and other vitamin levels in children; convalescent children also showed increases in appetite, weight and muscle strength.
In patients with recent non-ST-elevation ACS, daily folic acid + vitamin B12 + vitamin B6 supplementation increased composite adverse cardiac events and rehospitalizations versus placebo over 6 months.
In patients with recent non-ST-elevation ACS, daily folic acid + vitamin B12 + vitamin B6 supplementation increased composite adverse cardiac events and rehospitalizations versus placebo over 6 months.
In older adults doing resistance exercise, adding low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrients (including 200 IU vitamin D/day) increased muscle mass but did not further improve physical performance.
In this cohort of postmenopausal women, reduced BMD associated with the MTHFR TT genotype was observed only among women with low intake of B vitamins (including B12); supplementation would likely help a small subgroup.
In this cohort of postmenopausal women, reduced BMD associated with the MTHFR TT genotype was observed only among women with low intake of B vitamins (including B12); supplementation would likely help a small subgroup.
Long-term B-vitamin treatment after stroke was associated with a lower hazard of developing major depression compared with placebo.
In arsenic-exposed adults, vitamin B12 (an OCM index) showed sex-specific associations with certain histone modifications; folic acid supplementation (400 μg/d, 12 weeks) did not change global PTHMs.
In CKD stages 3–4, multivitamin supplementation (including folate, B6, B12) partially corrected hyperhomocysteinemia over one year; folate and B12 were major determinants of tHcy.
Daily hydrosoluble vitamin supplementation for 12 months reduced high homocysteine in hemodialysis patients but rarely normalized it.
Daily hydrosoluble vitamin supplementation for 12 months reduced high homocysteine in hemodialysis patients but rarely normalized it.
Development and proof-of-concept double-blind RCT of a liposomal micronutrient-fortified massage oil in 444 infants showed overall improvements in micronutrient deficiency outcomes after implementation.
One year of daily vitamin D3 (1200 IU) with calcium (with or without B vitamins) increased 25(OH)D, lowered PTH, and reduced multiple bone turnover markers in elderly subjects.
Patients received rosuvastatin or B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) then combined therapy; vitamins lowered homocysteine and both treatments improved flow-mediated vasodilation, with additive effects when combined.
Multimicronutrient tablets (which included 5 µg vitamin D) modestly reduced Schistosoma mansoni reinfection intensity but did not affect other helminth reinfections.
In CAD patients with high homocysteine, B-vitamin therapy (folic acid, B6, B12) markedly lowered tHcy but had minimal effects on oxidative stress markers and only a small reduction in serum amyloid A.
In stroke patients given high- or low-dose B-vitamin formulations (including B12) for 2 years, homocysteine fell but plasma Abeta and cognition did not change between groups.
Eight-week randomized, double-blind trial (supplement contains 70 mg methylcobalamin) found some within-group gains in cognition and strength with PWS, but no consistent between-group advantages in body composition or most performance outcomes; supplements were well tolerated.
Prophylactic IV hydroxocobalamin in high-risk cardiac surgery patients reduced vasoplegia incidence and vasopressor needs while improving blood pressure and lactate.
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled ascending-dose trial showed hydroxocobalamin generally well tolerated but associated with transient BP increases and self-limited discoloration and rash.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of L-arginine plus B vitamins for 3–6 months in mildly hypertensive adults; intervention improved postprandial endothelial function, lowered homocysteine and reduced blood pressure.
Cross-sectional baseline data in early pregnancy showed high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and that anemia was associated with B12 deficiency rather than iron deficiency.
Pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial in cancer patients found no significant effect of a B-group vitamin on clinician-assessed neuropathy score, but patients reported less sensory neuropathy on patient questionnaires.
Partially replacing animal proteins with plant proteins for 12 weeks lowered iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in healthy adults.
In hemodialysis patients, high-dose B-vitamin therapy including vitamin B12 did not reduce total mortality or cardiovascular events over ~2 years.
In metformin-treated diabetic patients, supplementation with folate, vitamin B12 and B6 lowered homocysteine, raised B12 levels, and improved small-artery elasticity after 4 months.
In healthy volunteers, B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) lowered homocysteine by ~31% but did not change markers of endothelial dysfunction (tPA, PAI, vWf) over 8 weeks.
Randomized trial with placebo, B6 and B12 arms measuring sensory processing; Vitamin-B12 showed no reliable benefit on sensory over-responsivity or postural disorder in the high-score subgroups.
Pre-operative assessment of bariatric surgery candidates found many did not meet dietary reference intakes; 48% had calcium intake below DRI.
In this randomized substudy, antenatal multiple micronutrients (including vitamin D) improved maternal micronutrient biomarkers in late pregnancy but many deficiencies persisted.
Elderly participants took folic acid or a B-complex (including B12) for ~23 days; B-complex led to lower unmetabolized folic acid than folic acid alone and both raised methylfolate.
In RYGB patients, a longer biliopancreatic limb (120 cm) did not improve weight loss or comorbidity remission but was associated with greater long-term requirements for vitamin B12 (and folic acid and vitamin A) supplementation.
Daily B-vitamin pill did not change overall cancer rates in people after stroke/TIA; diabetics had more and non-diabetics had fewer cancers with treatment in a post-hoc analysis.
In a long-term randomized trial subset, daily multivitamin/mineral (Centrum) increased plasma vitamin B12, folate, vitamin E and improved some other nutrient statuses versus placebo.
Double-blind RCT of a multivitamin/mineral vs placebo in older adults on certain medications; MVMS increased folate and vitamin C status but did not significantly change serum calcium.
After gastric bypass, vitamin B12 levels fell in both iron-supplemented and placebo groups over time; iron prevented iron deficiency but did not prevent B12 decline.
In patients with recent non-ST-elevation ACS, daily folic acid + vitamin B12 + vitamin B6 supplementation increased composite adverse cardiac events and rehospitalizations versus placebo over 6 months.
Large phase III RCT showed pemetrexed+cisplatin improved survival and progression outcomes versus cisplatin alone; folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation given with pemetrexed significantly reduced treatment toxicities.
Large phase III RCT showed pemetrexed+cisplatin improved survival and progression outcomes versus cisplatin alone; folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation given with pemetrexed significantly reduced treatment toxicities.
In older adults doing resistance exercise, adding low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrients (including 200 IU vitamin D/day) increased muscle mass but did not further improve physical performance.
In older adults doing resistance exercise, adding low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrients (including 200 IU vitamin D/day) increased muscle mass but did not further improve physical performance.
Daily microalgae smoothies for 14 days increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (from Chlorella) but did not prevent seasonal 25(OH)D3 decline; short intervention also modified lipids and fatty acids.
Randomized older adults received B‑vitamin supplementation that included calcium carbonate in both arms; B‑vitamin arm raised folate forms and lowered homocysteine after 12 months.
Randomized older adults received B‑vitamin supplementation that included calcium carbonate in both arms; B‑vitamin arm raised folate forms and lowered homocysteine after 12 months.
Randomized older adults received B‑vitamin supplementation that included calcium carbonate in both arms; B‑vitamin arm raised folate forms and lowered homocysteine after 12 months.
Long-term B-vitamin treatment after stroke was associated with a lower hazard of developing major depression compared with placebo.
In arsenic-exposed adults, vitamin B12 (an OCM index) showed sex-specific associations with certain histone modifications; folic acid supplementation (400 μg/d, 12 weeks) did not change global PTHMs.
Subsample (n=740) from a randomized antenatal trial in rural Nepal: multiple micronutrient supplementation reduced the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency though mean serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were unchanged between first and third trimester.
A 12-week daily food-based snack intervention (green leafy vegetables, dried fruit, milk) produced a small but significant increase in circulating β-carotene but did not change vitamin B12 levels.
Substudy of a randomized B‑vitamin trial: folic acid + vitamin B12 increased folate and cobalamin, lowered homocysteine (~2.8 µmol/L, ~29.5%) but did not change MCP‑1 levels or presence of VH‑TCFA.
In Crohn's disease patients, elevated homocysteine was common and strongly associated with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis.
In a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial a multivitamin containing vitamin B12 raised plasma B12 and improved homocysteine and LDL oxidation markers.
A single-blind randomized trial found a multi-ingredient supplement (including vitamin B12) produced complete symptom regression in all treated GERD patients versus 65.7% with omeprazole at 40 days.
Large double-blind randomized trial of B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) after stroke/TIA found it was safe and produced a small, borderline reduction in major vascular events (not clearly clinically significant).
Double-blind randomized trial in pregnant women showed that a micronutrient-fortified beverage (including iodine) increased hemoglobin and ferritin and reduced risk of anemia and iron deficiency.
Double-blind randomized trial in pregnant women showed that a micronutrient-fortified beverage (including iodine) increased hemoglobin and ferritin and reduced risk of anemia and iron deficiency.
In adults with prior CVD, daily low‑dose B‑vitamin supplementation (5‑methyl‑THF 560 μg, B6 3 mg, B12 20 μg) produced a large tHcy decrease after 1 year (~‑26.3%), raised vitamin biomarkers in year 1 (then plateaued), and the homocysteine response was modified by MTHFR genotype (TT showed larger initial decrease).
In 120 AD patients, 6 months of daily folic acid plus vitamin B12 modestly improved some cognitive subtests, lowered homocysteine and TNFα, and raised B12 and SAM/ SAM:SAH.
Randomized, unblinded 4-week dose-response trial in 30 long-term vegetarians testing roasted nori (5 g/day or 8 g/day) vs control; assessed serum B12, holoTC, Hcy, MMA and combined 4cB12 index.
In levodopa-treated Parkinson patients, combined vitamin B12 and folate supplementation significantly lowered plasma homocysteine compared with no supplementation.
Pooled analyses from several randomized, double-blind trials and an open-label extension testing Souvenaid (Fortasyn Connect) versus control in mild/mild-to-moderate AD; measured plasma micronutrients and fatty acid incorporation.
Prospective case-control study of vitamin B12 in cognitive impairment: B12-treated patients showed improvements in attention/calculation and visuoconstruction vs control at 6 months.
Nine-month controlled school-based supplement delivering multiple micronutrients including B12 improved hemoglobin and serum vitamin B12 compared with control schools.
In a large 7.3‑year randomized trial (n=3411), garlic increased serum folate and a vitamin+selenium supplement increased glutathione, but neither intervention changed serum vitamin B12 or homocysteine.
In 90 type 2 diabetic patients with neuropathy and low B12, 12 months of 1000 µg methylcobalamin normalized B12 and improved multiple neuropathy measures (nerve conduction, pain, sudomotor function) and quality of life.
In this 4.3-year randomized placebo-controlled trial (initial n=390; 277 completed), metformin progressively lowered serum B12 and increased the risk of B12 deficiency and raised homocysteine in those who became deficient.
Combined and separate vitamin D3+B12 supplementation over 12 weeks raised serum 25(OH)D and B12; the single-tablet formulation produced larger average increases.
Children with severe acute malnutrition received RUTF and showed improved vitamin B12 biomarker status at discharge, though some remained deficient.
Randomized, unblinded 4-week dose-response trial in 30 long-term vegetarians testing roasted nori (5 g/day or 8 g/day) vs control; assessed serum B12, holoTC, Hcy, MMA and combined 4cB12 index.
Intranasal B12 given either as a loading regimen or every-3-day dosing raised blood B12 and corrected related metabolic markers; loading gave faster larger early rises.
Daily use of B12-fortified toothpaste for 12 weeks increased circulating B12 markers and lowered MMA and homocysteine in vegans compared with placebo.
B12-enriched toothpaste used for 3 months raised serum B12 and holoTC and lowered homocysteine in elderly participants compared with placebo.
Adding folic acid plus vitamin B12 during isotretinoin therapy increased folate and B12 levels and lowered homocysteine compared with isotretinoin alone.
8-week double-blind RCT in adults at increased diabetes risk testing salmon fish protein supplement vs placebo and measuring blood micronutrient concentrations.
Intramuscular 1 mg B12 increased serum B12 but did not significantly lower plasma homocysteine over 3 months in haemodialysis patients.
A 4-week vegan diet rapidly lowered circulating holo-transcobalamin and serum B12 but did not change cellular markers (MMA, homocysteine) or cause clinical deficiency.
People with relapsing-remitting MS on two dietary interventions plus supplements had improved mood over 24 weeks; serum B12 rose and homocysteine fell, but those blood changes did not explain the mood improvement.
In insulin-treated type 2 diabetics, 16 weeks of added metformin reduced serum folate and vitamin B12 and produced a modest increase in homocysteine compared with placebo.
In hemodialysis patients, high-dose folic acid combined with 1 mg/day vitamin B12 (and higher folic acid dose) produced the largest reduction in plasma homocysteine over 8 weeks.
Substudy of a double-blind RCT: metformin (1 g twice daily) plus insulin modestly increased early orthostatic blood pressure drop versus placebo; metformin reduced serum B12 modestly.
In older adults with mild cognitive impairment, 6 months of folic acid increased serum folate and vitamin B12, lowered homocysteine, and led to small improvements in some cognitive scores.
Moderate alcohol intake modestly decreased serum B12 and slightly increased homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women.
Premenopausal Indian women taking a multi-micronutrient, protein-rich supplement containing calcium had improved bone turnover markers and some micronutrient status after 6 months.
One-month randomized trial in elderly inpatients showing 50 µg oral cyanocobalamin raises serum B12; 10 µg did not differ from placebo.
Young men with high homocysteine took B-vitamin supplements for 8 weeks; homocysteine fell but artery function did not change.
Compared dietary intake and biochemical markers in depressed patients vs controls; depressed group had poorer diet and lower serum B12 and folate.
In a randomized crossover herring intervention, serum vitamin B12 and selenium increased after 6 weeks of high fish intake while 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 did not change significantly.
Daily multivitamin supplementation for 8 weeks increased vitamin B12 and folate levels, lowered homocysteine, and improved contextual recognition memory in older men.
Alternate supplementation with vitamin B12 and folic acid lowered homocysteine in dialysis patients; effect reversed after washout and B12 levels rose with diffusive haemodialysis.
In a randomized double-blind crossover pilot, both natural and synthetic B-complex supplements raised serum B vitamins (including B12) and reduced homocysteine and some metabolic markers.
Cross-sectional study found common vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies and a high prevalence of elevated homocysteine among adolescent Afghan refugees; lower B12 associated with higher homocysteine.
A prepared meal plan fortified with micronutrients (including recommended B12) for 10 weeks raised folate and vitamin B12 and reduced serum total homocysteine in high‑risk adults.
Men with type 2 diabetes given folic acid 5 mg/day for 8 weeks had lower homocysteine and malondialdehyde and improved total antioxidant capacity; serum folate and vitamin B12 levels also increased.
16-week multivitamin (including B12) raised blood B12 and B6 and produced beneficial changes in homocysteine, CRP and some lipid/oxidative stress markers, but did not improve cognitive test performance in healthy 55–65 y olds.
Randomized trial in aged care residents: a daily multivitamin raised serum 25(OH)D and improved a heel ultrasound bone measure, with a trend to fewer falls.
In non-diabetic men with CHD, metformin raised homocysteine and reduced serum B12 over 12–40 weeks.
Two randomized placebo-controlled trials in women with PCOS found metformin did not change homocysteine; nonpregnant women showed reductions in folate and B12.
A 2-year community nutrition program providing fortified foods did not significantly improve vitamin B12 status in older Chilean adults compared with control.
Randomized controlled study of low- vs high-dose hormone therapy versus control in postmenopausal women assessing fasting and post-methionine homocysteine and B-vitamin levels.
High-dose folate supplementation markedly lowered very high homocysteine levels in peritoneal dialysis patients; serum B12 did not change.
In a controlled feeding RCT (n=118), a combination diet (fruits, vegetables, low‑fat dairy, reduced fat) modestly lowered fasting homocysteine compared with a control diet; changes in serum vitamin B12 were not associated with homocysteine change.
28-day randomized placebo-controlled pilot tested folic acid, fish oil and calcium on cancer risk markers; vitamin B12 was measured but not supplemented.
Moderately malnourished pregnant women received one of three supplements for 10 weeks; RUSF limited the decline in vitamin B12 and produced the largest vitamin D increase.
Pregnant women given different iron doses (one tablet contained added zinc) showed no significant between-group differences in serum zinc during pregnancy.
In older adults doing resistance exercise, adding low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrients (including 200 IU vitamin D/day) increased muscle mass but did not further improve physical performance.
Daily microalgae smoothies for 14 days increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (from Chlorella) but did not prevent seasonal 25(OH)D3 decline; short intervention also modified lipids and fatty acids.
Nested case–control study measured serum folate, B6, B12, riboflavin, and homocysteine to assess associations with colon and rectal cancer risk in Finnish men.
After weight loss and 64-week follow-up, higher reported protein intake correlated with greater weight-loss maintenance; the high-protein group showed higher serum vitamin B12 vs the high-carbohydrate group.
12-week RCT in overweight/obese young women found lifestyle intervention produced greater weight and fat loss than metformin or placebo; serum vitamin B12 did not change significantly between groups.
In haemodialysis patients, changing rHuEpo route did not alter measured vitamin B12 levels.
Fenofibrate increased homocysteine but this was not associated with changes in vitamin B12 levels.
In obese women, a high-protein diet increased serum B12 while a high-carbohydrate diet decreased it.
46 bariatric surgery patients randomized to probiotics or placebo: at 4 months probiotics improved LBP, TNF-α, vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 and weight loss versus placebo, but most effects did not persist at 13 months except reduced MDA.
In 90 type 2 diabetic patients with neuropathy and low B12, 12 months of 1000 µg methylcobalamin normalized B12 and improved multiple neuropathy measures (nerve conduction, pain, sudomotor function) and quality of life.
Local injection of methylcobalamin plus lidocaine provided greater pain relief and reduced analgesic use compared with systemic methylcobalamin in subacute ophthalmic herpetic neuralgia.
In a general adult sample randomized to B6, B12, or placebo for ~1 month, vitamin B12 showed a small/near-significant reduction in self-reported anxiety and a trend toward increased visual contrast thresholds (greater surround suppression).
In this 4.3-year randomized placebo-controlled trial (initial n=390; 277 completed), metformin progressively lowered serum B12 and increased the risk of B12 deficiency and raised homocysteine in those who became deficient.
In 80 children with nutritional macrocytic anemia, parenteral vitamin B12 produced larger increases in serum B12 and hemoglobin at 3 months than oral B12.
Children given vitamin B12 and/or folic acid in early life showed no difference in cognition 6 years later.
Compared dolutegravir vs non-dolutegravir ART; measured folate, B12 and MCV — B12 levels did not differ between arms.
Pre-op IV B-vitamin (including B12) massively raised B12/folate but did not prevent the nitrous oxide–induced rise in homocysteine.
Rural and urban Mexican women ate model diets in a crossover; homocysteine and B12/folate were measured over 4 hours.
An 8-week multivitamin/mineral supplement raised B-vitamin levels (including B12) and lowered homocysteine in older adults.
28-day randomized placebo-controlled pilot tested folic acid, fish oil and calcium on cancer risk markers; vitamin B12 was measured but not supplemented.
A fortified drink given 6 days/week for 8 weeks reduced vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence and increased vitamin B12 concentration and hemoglobin in schoolchildren.
120 women with type 2 diabetes on a low-calorie diet were given a multivitamin-mineral complex for 3 weeks; those receiving the complex showed greater improvements in some micronutrient levels and glycemia.
Compared dolutegravir vs non-dolutegravir ART; measured folate, B12 and MCV — B12 levels did not differ between arms.
Daily low-dose folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and betaine for 12 weeks reduced plasma homocysteine in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia compared with placebo.
In newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, 6 weeks of metformin decreased vitamin B12 and folate and increased homocysteine; rosiglitazone decreased homocysteine and did not change B12 or folate.
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in frail elderly showing enriched drink increased plasma B12, lowered homocysteine, and improved some cognitive test scores over 6 months.
Community-based case-control study comparing hypertensive patients and controls; found no difference in homocysteine but higher folate and B12 concentrations in hypertensive subjects.
In haemodialysis patients, alternating vitamin B12 and folic acid lowered homocysteine; effects depended on genotype and dialysis membrane type.
In metformin-treated diabetic patients, supplementation with folate, vitamin B12 and B6 lowered homocysteine, raised B12 levels, and improved small-artery elasticity after 4 months.
A targeted medical nutrition therapy increased folate (and B6 and B12) levels and substantially reduced serum lipids in hyperlipidemic patients, while plasma homocysteine was unchanged.
Three months of daily micronutrient packs increased vitamin D and other micronutrient levels and improved antioxidant markers in older institutionalized adults.
A 4-week vitamin supplement increased vitamin B12 and other vitamin levels in children; convalescent children also showed increases in appetite, weight and muscle strength.
After gastric bypass, vitamin B12 levels fell in both iron-supplemented and placebo groups over time; iron prevented iron deficiency but did not prevent B12 decline.
Daily Lactococcus cremoris on oat flakes reduced inflammatory marker hs‑CRP and cortisol and produced a small within‑group increase in vitamin B12, though between‑group B12 differences were not significant.
Epidural dexamethasone plus vitamin B12 after PEID reduced early postoperative pain and inflammatory markers and shortened hospital stay, with no long-term differences.
Epidural dexamethasone plus vitamin B12 after PEID reduced early postoperative pain and inflammatory markers and shortened hospital stay, with no long-term differences.
Six-month early-life supplementation with vitamin B12 + folic acid led to lower homocysteine 6–7 years later; no overall effects on leptin/adiponectin.
Substudy of a cluster-RCT in rural China: daily fortified cereal or meat for 1 year increased serum B12 and lowered homocysteine; meat and fortified cereal groups had modestly higher cognitive scores versus local cereal.
Add-on methylcobalamin (alone or with folic acid) improved glycemic control and insulin-related markers in people with type 2 diabetes over 8 weeks.
B12-enriched toothpaste used for 3 months raised serum B12 and holoTC and lowered homocysteine in elderly participants compared with placebo.
Adding folic acid plus vitamin B12 during isotretinoin therapy increased folate and B12 levels and lowered homocysteine compared with isotretinoin alone.
In this community cohort of early-pregnancy women, about one quarter were cobalamin-deficient while folate deficiency was rare.
Twenty-four weeks of high-dose oral B12 (with or without folic acid) corrected biochemical deficiency but did not improve cognitive function.
Treatment-phase study in hemodialysis patients showing folate and added vitamin B12 lower but do not fully normalize homocysteine and MMA in ESRD.
4-month randomized double-blind trial in elderly: oral B-vitamins raised cobalamin markers and tended to lower MMA and homocysteine, differences were not statistically strong.
In non-diabetic men with CHD, metformin raised homocysteine and reduced serum B12 over 12–40 weeks.
In stable CAD patients, B-vitamin regimens (including B12) lowered homocysteine but did not change inflammatory markers after 6 months.
Low-dose folic acid for 4 weeks decreased homocysteine but did not change plasma methionine or plasma vitamin B12 concentrations.
In stroke patients, treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B12 for 2 months lowered homocysteine and CF6 levels compared with no vitamin treatment.
Preoperative oral B‑vitamin complex (folate, B6, B12) given one week prevented nitrous oxide‑induced postoperative rises in homocysteine.
Cross-sectional baseline biochemical analysis of infants (6–11 months) showing variable cobalamin status: depending on marker, a large proportion had functional indicators of low B12 while folate was adequate.
In 90 patients with suspected coronary disease, folic acid plus vitamin B12 rapidly and substantially lowered basal and postload homocysteine; vitamin B6 mainly lowered cystathionine.
Six‑week double‑blind randomized trial in postmenopausal women showed that soy protein with native phytate reduced total homocysteine and iron indices; vitamin B12 was measured as a covariate but not manipulated.
In stroke patients given high- or low-dose B-vitamin formulations (including B12) for 2 years, homocysteine fell but plasma Abeta and cognition did not change between groups.
In stroke patients, B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine by about 3–5 μmol/L similarly across ethnic groups.
Six weeks of a B-complex (including 1000 μg B12) significantly reduced homocysteine; sublingual and oral delivery were equally effective.
Randomized older adults received B‑vitamin supplementation that included calcium carbonate in both arms; B‑vitamin arm raised folate forms and lowered homocysteine after 12 months.
A combined nutraceutical (including 12.5 mg zinc) produced a larger reduction in homocysteine than high-dose folic acid alone over two months.
In CKD stages 3–4, multivitamin supplementation (including folate, B6, B12) partially corrected hyperhomocysteinemia over one year; folate and B12 were major determinants of tHcy.
Substudy of a randomized B‑vitamin trial: folic acid + vitamin B12 increased folate and cobalamin, lowered homocysteine (~2.8 µmol/L, ~29.5%) but did not change MCP‑1 levels or presence of VH‑TCFA.
In a 3-month open-label randomized study in hemodialysis patients, folic acid plus B-complex lowered homocysteine and CRP and increased albumin and vitamin B12.
One year of daily vitamin D3 (1200 IU) with calcium (with or without B vitamins) increased 25(OH)D, lowered PTH, and reduced multiple bone turnover markers in elderly subjects.
Patients received rosuvastatin or B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) then combined therapy; vitamins lowered homocysteine and both treatments improved flow-mediated vasodilation, with additive effects when combined.
Substudy of a large RCT in advanced CKD/ESRD testing high-dose B vitamins (including 2 mg B12) vs placebo: vitamins lowered homocysteine but did not improve cognitive outcomes.
Six-month early-life supplementation with vitamin B12 + folic acid led to lower homocysteine 6–7 years later; no overall effects on leptin/adiponectin.
Daily vitamin B12 supplementation for 6 months produced a small overall increase in weight-for-age and larger benefits in malnourished subgroups.
Combined and separate vitamin D3+B12 supplementation over 12 weeks raised serum 25(OH)D and B12; the single-tablet formulation produced larger average increases.
Daily 2 μg vitamin B12 for 12 months improved biochemical B12 status but did not change neurodevelopment, growth, or hemoglobin at end of study.
Daily 2 μg vitamin B12 for 12 months improved biochemical B12 status but did not change neurodevelopment, growth, or hemoglobin at end of study.
Children with severe acute malnutrition received RUTF and showed improved vitamin B12 biomarker status at discharge, though some remained deficient.
In 8–11 year-old children, 12 weeks of folic acid + B12 increased arsenic methylation capacity as shown by changes in blood and urine arsenic metabolites.
In 8–11 year-old children, 12 weeks of folic acid + B12 increased arsenic methylation capacity as shown by changes in blood and urine arsenic metabolites.
Daily vitamin B12 for one year in infants did not change night or total sleep duration or WASO; a small negative effect was reported for sleep onset latency.
Prenatal high-dose maternal B12 increased human milk B12 at 6 weeks, and postnatal supplementation increased milk B12 at 7 months.
In preterm infants receiving erythropoietin and iron, adding vitamin B12 + higher-dose folate modestly enhanced erythropoiesis over 4 weeks.
Case-control analysis found lower folate and B12 in neural tube defect pregnancies vs controls (not significant in this sample), and pooled literature showed lower serum B12 in cases.
8-week subcutaneous methyl B12 improved clinician-rated global autism symptoms and methylation markers but did not change parent-rated behavior or social responsiveness.
Two-year daily vitamin B12+folic acid (both arms received vitamin D) did not prevent decline in physical performance or handgrip strength or reduce fall risk in older adults overall; possible benefit on walking and in compliant >80y subgroup.
Long-term intramuscular ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin did not meet primary endpoints overall, but a post-hoc subgroup diagnosed ≤12 months after onset showed prolonged time to death/ventilation and less functional decline.
In 34 healthy adults, a liposomal multivitamin altered how some minerals and vitamins appeared in blood; serum calcium rose at 2 h after the liposomal MVM and some calcium PK markers (Tmax, absorption rate) differed; no side effects reported.
Substudy of a cluster-RCT in rural China: daily fortified cereal or meat for 1 year increased serum B12 and lowered homocysteine; meat and fortified cereal groups had modestly higher cognitive scores versus local cereal.
12-week double-blind randomized trial in vegans/vegetarians with marginal B12 deficiency: weekly sublingual 350 μg and 2000 μg both restored serum B12 and improved related metabolic markers.
Giving multiple micronutrients including vitamin B12 to HIV-infected children increased their blood B12 and folate levels over six months.
A 24‑week RCT of fortified milk (providing ~1008 mg Ca/day) plus exercise improved vitamin B‑12 and 25(OH)D levels and reduced bone turnover markers versus control.
Two-week daily alcohol (red wine or vodka) decreased serum folate and vitamin B12 and produced a small increase in plasma homocysteine.
In people with mild–moderate Alzheimer's on cholinesterase inhibitors, add-on multivitamin including mecobalamin (B12) for 26 weeks lowered homocysteine but produced no cognitive or ADL benefit.
In 22 healthy women, serum vitamin B12 showed notable within-subject variability and was consistently lower in oral contraceptive users versus non-users.
Elderly people with food-bound B12 malabsorption given very low oral B12 doses for 30 days showed dose-related increases in serum B12.
Oral high-dose B12 was as effective as intramuscular B12 for hematologic recovery in megaloblastic anemia over 90 days.
Subsample (n=740) from a randomized antenatal trial in rural Nepal: multiple micronutrient supplementation reduced the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency though mean serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were unchanged between first and third trimester.
Twelve weeks of fortified milk (including B-group vitamins and B12) in older adults increased circulating B vitamins (including B12), raised vitamin D, improved ω-3 status, and lowered homocysteine.
In an early PD cohort, low baseline B12 predicted greater worsening of mobility, whereas elevated homocysteine predicted greater cognitive decline on MMSE.
MRI substudy within an RCT of 2-year folic acid + vitamin B12 supplementation in older adults; investigated cross-sectional associations of B12/folate/Hcy biomarkers with grey, white and total brain volumes and compared brain volumes by supplementation group after 2 years.
Open-label, assessor-blinded randomized trial in infants with Infantile Tremor Syndrome comparing daily injectable B12 alone vs B12 plus multinutrients; primary outcome caregiver Likert score at 1 week and developmental scales at 1 week and 1 month.
Prospective analysis within a maternal supplementation trial examining associations between maternal B12 biomarkers during pregnancy and infant B12 status at 6 weeks (n=77 infants).
Maternal dietary + MMN supplementation for 6 months increased maternal vitamin D concentrations modestly and reduced vitamin D deficiency prevalence compared with routine care.
Randomized, double-blind trial in 6–30 month-old Indian children testing daily vitamin B12 and/or folic acid for 6 months; developmental outcomes (ASQ-3) assessed in 422 children.
Single-centre randomized, double-blind trial testing topical citicoline + cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) eyedrops vs placebo in patients with diabetes-related corneal nerve damage; primary outcomes nerve fiber length density and corneal sensitivity over 18 months.
Randomized, unblinded 4-week dose-response trial in 30 long-term vegetarians testing roasted nori (5 g/day or 8 g/day) vs control; assessed serum B12, holoTC, Hcy, MMA and combined 4cB12 index.
Intranasal B12 given either as a loading regimen or every-3-day dosing raised blood B12 and corrected related metabolic markers; loading gave faster larger early rises.
Daily use of B12-fortified toothpaste for 12 weeks increased circulating B12 markers and lowered MMA and homocysteine in vegans compared with placebo.
B12-enriched toothpaste used for 3 months raised serum B12 and holoTC and lowered homocysteine in elderly participants compared with placebo.
In women with GDM, metformin treatment led to a greater decline in total serum B12 during pregnancy than insulin, though bioavailable B12 and homocysteine did not differ between groups.
Randomized trial comparing monthly high-dose oral cyanocobalamin vs weekly intramuscular hydroxocobalamin over 4 weeks; both routes improved B12 biomarkers but IM produced much larger early rises.
Randomized, unblinded 4-week dose-response trial in 30 long-term vegetarians testing roasted nori (5 g/day or 8 g/day) vs control; assessed serum B12, holoTC, Hcy, MMA and combined 4cB12 index.
Adding 5 µg/day B12 during pregnancy modestly altered some blood markers and appeared to reduce risk of developing anemia compared with iron+folate alone.
Add-on methylcobalamin (alone or with folic acid) improved glycemic control and insulin-related markers in people with type 2 diabetes over 8 weeks.
Daily use of B12-fortified toothpaste for 12 weeks increased circulating B12 markers and lowered MMA and homocysteine in vegans compared with placebo.
Large randomized trial in pregnant women: B12 improved maternal B12 status but did not change infant growth or cognitive scores.
Small 12-week RCT in NAFLD patients: B12 (1000 µg/day) lowered homocysteine and improved some within-group markers but most liver/metabolic outcomes did not differ versus placebo.
In acute ischemic stroke patients, short-term B‑group vitamin supplementation (including B12) was associated with reduced oxidative damage and inflammation markers compared with no supplementation.
In infants with biochemical B12 deficiency, a single IM hydroxycobalamin injection markedly improved B12 biomarkers and led to greater short-term gains in motor development versus placebo.
In hemodialysis patients, high-dose folic acid combined with 1 mg/day vitamin B12 (and higher folic acid dose) produced the largest reduction in plasma homocysteine over 8 weeks.
Two-week daily alcohol (red wine or vodka) decreased serum folate and vitamin B12 and produced a small increase in plasma homocysteine.
In 24 hemodialysis patients, weekly subcutaneous hydroxocobalamin substantially lowered plasma homocysteine and reduced serum methylmalonic acid over 16 weeks.
Vegetarian women received 500 μg oral B12 every other day for 6 weeks; B12 levels rose and homocysteine fell within 2 weeks and stayed lower.
Older hospitalized patients given a mixed B‑vitamin drink had lower plasma homocysteine after 6 weeks, with partial return after stopping.
In hemodialysis patients, consecutive folic acid and vitamin B12 treatments lowered homocysteine; the decrease depended on MTHFR genotype and was larger when starting with folic acid.
In elderly people, combined cobalamin (B12) plus folic acid lowered homocysteine and raised betaine, but overall cognitive performance did not improve.
In folate-replete hemodialysis patients, oral vitamin B12 increased serum B12 but did not produce a greater reduction in plasma homocysteine compared with control over 6 weeks.
B-vitamin supplementation lowered plasma homocysteine, with the largest reductions in men who had low B12 or high baseline homocysteine.
Rural and urban Mexican women ate model diets in a crossover; homocysteine and B12/folate were measured over 4 hours.
In older adults, a daily B-vitamin supplement (folate, B12, B6) lowered plasma total homocysteine but did not change plasma AdoHcy or AdoMet after 2 years.
Methylcobalamin plus folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not reduce global cognitive decline over 24 months; a subgroup with high baseline homocysteine had less decline in one cognitive domain.
Randomized trial in infants: a single intramuscular 400 μg cobalamin dose at 6 weeks raised serum cobalamin and normalized metabolic markers by 4 months.
Six months of B‑vitamin supplementation (including cyanocobalamin/B12) lowered homocysteine and improved patients' general well‑being.
High-dose B-vitamin therapy (including 1 mg B12) in kidney transplant recipients lowered homocysteine and produced modest but significant improvements in processing speed and memory over ~3.3 years.
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of B-vitamin therapy (including B12) in elderly: biomarkers improved (tHcy and MMA) but short-term treatment did not improve movement or cognitive tests.
In adults with prior CVD, daily low‑dose B‑vitamin supplementation (5‑methyl‑THF 560 μg, B6 3 mg, B12 20 μg) produced a large tHcy decrease after 1 year (~‑26.3%), raised vitamin biomarkers in year 1 (then plateaued), and the homocysteine response was modified by MTHFR genotype (TT showed larger initial decrease).
Elderly people with mild cognitive impairment received high-dose B-vitamin supplementation (folic acid, B6, B12) for 2 years; B-vitamin treatment lowered homocysteine and substantially slowed whole-brain atrophy versus placebo.
In 8,164 patients with recent stroke or TIA randomized to daily B-vitamins (including B12) versus placebo, B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not significantly change the incidence of osteoporotic fractures over ~3.4 years.
8-week double-blind RCT in adults at increased diabetes risk testing salmon fish protein supplement vs placebo and measuring blood micronutrient concentrations.
Controlled feeding study (humans) and mouse experiments: higher maternal choline intake raised bioactive B12 (holotranscobalamin) in pregnant women and altered B12-related biomarkers.
Large 2-year RCT in older adults with high homocysteine: combined B12+folic acid did not reduce overall osteoporotic fractures; exploratory subgroup suggested benefit in adherent >80-year-olds but cancer incidence was higher in the treatment arm.
Protocol and baseline description of a randomized trial (n=2919) testing vitamin B12+folic acid vs placebo in elderly; both groups received vitamin D (600 IU) and outcome results were not reported in this paper.
Randomized trial in PD patients on levodopa showed homocysteine‑lowering therapy (5 mg folate + 1500 μg vitamin B12 daily) increased BMD at lumbar spine and femur vs control over 12 months.
Protocol and baseline description of a randomized trial (n=2919) testing vitamin B12+folic acid vs placebo in elderly; both groups received vitamin D (600 IU) and outcome results were not reported in this paper.
Randomized double-blind trial in 31 women (65–93 y) giving folic acid (800 μg) + vitamin B12 (1000 μg) vs placebo for 4 months: homocysteine fell in the treated group but bone turnover markers did not change.
Cluster randomized, double-blind protocol comparing 1 mg/day vitamin B12 delivered as fortified food vs pill vs routine PACAM (placebo arm) in older Chilean adults; outcomes planned include serum B12, nerve conduction and MMSE; this is a protocol paper (no results reported).
Cluster randomized, double-blind protocol comparing 1 mg/day vitamin B12 delivered as fortified food vs pill vs routine PACAM (placebo arm) in older Chilean adults; outcomes planned include serum B12, nerve conduction and MMSE; this is a protocol paper (no results reported).
Two-year daily folic acid + vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not improve cognitive domain scores; very small difference in global cognition possibly by chance.
Randomized trial (VITACOG) in MCI patients: daily B-vitamin supplement (folic acid 0.8 mg, B12 0.5 mg, B6 20 mg) for ~2 years lowered homocysteine and prevented declines in several cognitive measures compared with placebo.
Follow-up of an RCT of daily 2 µg vitamin B12 vs placebo given in infancy (6–11 months) for 12 months (original n=600); at 42–47 months there was no overall effect on WPPSI-IV FSIQ or other neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Follow-up of an RCT of daily 2 µg vitamin B12 vs placebo given in infancy (6–11 months) for 12 months (original n=600); at 42–47 months there was no overall effect on WPPSI-IV FSIQ or other neurodevelopmental outcomes.
After total gastrectomy, two oral B12 doses (500 µg vs 1500 µg/day) produced similar restoration of blood B12 and symptom improvement by 3 months.
Daily folic acid (400 µg) plus vitamin B12 (100 µg) for 2 years produced small but significant improvements in global cognitive score and memory measures in older adults with distress.
Fortified porridge given for 6 months raised hemoglobin and ferritin and improved motor development in infants.
Nine-month controlled school-based supplement delivering multiple micronutrients including B12 improved hemoglobin and serum vitamin B12 compared with control schools.
Intravenous B12 (100 µg/mL twice weekly for 8 weeks) reduced median homocysteine and modestly increased hemoglobin and hematocrit in hemodialysis patients.
Vegetarian women received 500 μg oral B12 every other day for 6 weeks; B12 levels rose and homocysteine fell within 2 weeks and stayed lower.
Fortifying foods with iron and vitamin B12 for 1 year worked similarly regardless of H. pylori infection status.
Children given multiple-micronutrient fortified salt (includes iodine) had better blood nutrient markers and improved memory compared with iodized-salt controls.
Children with moderate acute malnutrition received food supplements; serum cobalamin rose during 3 months of supplementation but many remained marginal.
Fortified salt containing iodine and other micronutrients given to children and women for 8 months improved iron and zinc status and reduced anemia; urinary iodine was maintained in the fortified group.
Caregiver education or provision of low‑protein foods reduced children's phenylalanine; micronutrients including vitamin B12 did not change significantly at 10 weeks.
Young women randomized to pork diet, iron supplement, or control for 12 weeks; iron supplementation raised ferritin and both pork and iron raised hemoglobin; B12 concentrations were not significantly changed (trend to increase with pork).
Children eating salt fortified with multiple micronutrients including iodine for one year showed better micronutrient status and improvements on several memory and attention tests.
Topical vitamin B12 cream applied twice daily for 8 weeks reduced extent and severity of atopic dermatitis significantly compared with placebo and was well tolerated.
In stroke/TIA patients, long-term B-vitamin (including B12) supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change carotid thickness or endothelial function.
In stroke/TIA patients, long-term B-vitamin (including B12) supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change carotid thickness or endothelial function.
In Indian children 6–30 months, B12 and/or folic acid improved biochemical status but did not reduce diarrhea or respiratory infections; folic acid (alone or with B12) increased persistent diarrhea risk.
In Indian children 6–30 months, B12 and/or folic acid improved biochemical status but did not reduce diarrhea or respiratory infections; folic acid (alone or with B12) increased persistent diarrhea risk.
In a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial a multivitamin containing vitamin B12 raised plasma B12 and improved homocysteine and LDL oxidation markers.
Two double-blind RCTs (children and adults) showed B12-fortified foods substantially raised plasma B12 and reduced homocysteine compared with placebo.
High-dose folate, B6 and B12 lowered homocysteine but did not slow cognitive decline over 18 months and had more depression-related adverse events.
A 24-week randomized trial of L-methylfolate + methylcobalamin + PLP improved neuropathy symptoms and quality of life but did not change vibration perception threshold.
A double-blind RCT of 1000 μg/day oral B12 vs placebo for one month in patients with borderline B12 showed rapid metabolic response (MMA fell) at 1 month but effects were not sustained after stopping therapy.
Two years of B-vitamin supplementation (including 500 μg B12) in elderly with elevated homocysteine lowered homocysteine but did not change arterial stiffness (PWV) or carotid IMT.
In healthy older adults, adding probiotic VSL#3 to a personalized anti-inflammatory diet for 8 weeks increased plasma vitamin B12 and folate and decreased homocysteine compared with diet alone.
In older adults with mild cognitive impairment, 6 months of folic acid increased serum folate and vitamin B12, lowered homocysteine, and led to small improvements in some cognitive scores.
Moderate alcohol intake modestly decreased serum B12 and slightly increased homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women.
Folate plus B12 supplementation for 8 weeks improved coronary flow reserve and reduced homocysteine in elderly B12-deficient patients.
Randomized trial comparing monthly high-dose oral cyanocobalamin vs weekly intramuscular hydroxocobalamin over 4 weeks; both routes improved B12 biomarkers but IM produced much larger early rises.
Two-year daily folic acid + vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not improve cognitive domain scores; very small difference in global cognition possibly by chance.
Large randomized trial: daily B-vitamins (including 500 µg B12) lowered mean homocysteine but did not change MMSE scores or incidence of cognitive impairment over ~2.8–3.4 years.
In newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, 6 weeks of metformin decreased vitamin B12 and folate and increased homocysteine; rosiglitazone decreased homocysteine and did not change B12 or folate.
Aged garlic extract plus B‑vitamin supplement for 1 year reduced coronary calcium progression and improved some vascular/oxidative biomarkers compared with placebo.
Men with type 2 diabetes given folic acid 5 mg/day for 8 weeks had lower homocysteine and malondialdehyde and improved total antioxidant capacity; serum folate and vitamin B12 levels also increased.
In older men, serum B12 and folate were not associated with lung cancer risk; higher B6 associated with lower risk.
Large randomized trial in MI survivors includes a factorial randomization to folic acid plus 1 mg B12 vs placebo and achieved a modest homocysteine reduction.
In renal-transplant patients with high homocysteine, B-vitamin supplementation including B12 lowered homocysteine and reduced carotid artery thickness over 6 months.
In renal-transplant patients with high homocysteine, vitamin B treatment (including B12) lowered homocysteine and improved endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation over 6 months.
Case-control study measuring one-carbon metabolites in recurrent MDD found no clear association of vitamin B12 with MDD, though homocysteine was higher and vitamin B6 lower during depressive episodes.
Randomized trial in newly diagnosed cobalamin-deficient patients comparing daily oral (2 mg) versus intermittent intramuscular (1 mg) cyanocobalamin for 4 months; oral therapy was at least as effective and produced larger biochemical improvements.
In a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial of folic acid (1 mg) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women, folic acid modestly affected homocysteine and bone markers and preserved vitamin B12 levels relative to placebo.
In undernourished psycho-geriatric patients, a multinutrient liquid supplement for 12 weeks increased body weight and improved multiple plasma nutrient levels including vitamin D.
A multicomponent supplement (aged garlic extract plus B vitamins including vitamin B12) lowered homocysteine, increased brown/white epicardial adipose ratio and was associated with less coronary calcium progression over 12 months.
A 12-month randomized trial of a multi-component nutrition/diet protocol in ASD found improvements in many clinical and biomarker outcomes; the vitamin/mineral supplement increased some B-vitamin biomarkers.
Daily folic acid plus vitamin B12 for 16 weeks improved negative symptoms in schizophrenia when genetic folate-metabolism variants were considered; no change in positive or total symptoms.
Case-control study measuring one-carbon metabolites in recurrent MDD found no clear association of vitamin B12 with MDD, though homocysteine was higher and vitamin B6 lower during depressive episodes.
People with relapsing-remitting MS on two dietary interventions plus supplements had improved mood over 24 weeks; serum B12 rose and homocysteine fell, but those blood changes did not explain the mood improvement.
Double-blind RCT of a multivitamin/mineral vs placebo in older adults on certain medications; MVMS increased folate and vitamin C status but did not significantly change serum calcium.
In a large 7.3‑year randomized trial (n=3411), garlic increased serum folate and a vitamin+selenium supplement increased glutathione, but neither intervention changed serum vitamin B12 or homocysteine.
In insulin-treated type 2 diabetics, 16 weeks of added metformin reduced serum folate and vitamin B12 and produced a modest increase in homocysteine compared with placebo.
In people with low or marginal B12, 12 weeks of high-dose folic acid raised folate stores but did not change methylmalonic acid (a marker of B12 function).
A randomized crossover of whey (contains B12) vs soy protein in older adults with low B12 found WPI increased active B12 and folate (and those biochemical changes correlated with some cognitive improvements), but WPI did not produce a main cognitive benefit; soy improved some cognitive domains in females.
In elderly people with low B12, whey protein isolate for 8 weeks increased active B12 and serum folate and prevented rises in MMA, homocysteine and genome instability seen with soy protein.
Daily consumption of spreads fortified with folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 for 6 weeks raised B-vitamin status and significantly lowered plasma homocysteine in healthy volunteers.
Alternate supplementation with vitamin B12 and folic acid lowered homocysteine in dialysis patients; effect reversed after washout and B12 levels rose with diffusive haemodialysis.
Randomized trial in aged care residents: a daily multivitamin raised serum 25(OH)D and improved a heel ultrasound bone measure, with a trend to fewer falls.
Two randomized placebo-controlled trials in women with PCOS found metformin did not change homocysteine; nonpregnant women showed reductions in folate and B12.
Reproductive-aged Guatemalan women received weekly or daily folic acid (with B12 and minerals) for 12 weeks; folate improved and homocysteine fell in all groups, daily B12 raised serum B12.
A 2-year community nutrition program providing fortified foods did not significantly improve vitamin B12 status in older Chilean adults compared with control.
Two-week controlled feeding in postmenopausal women showing serum nutrient concentrations (including vitamin B-12) reflect recent intake and can serve as biomarkers.
Randomized double-blind trial showing short-term nitrous oxide anaesthesia reduced serum folate and produced minor hematological changes but did not alter serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels in analyzed patients.
Pregnant women given different iron doses (one tablet contained added zinc) showed no significant between-group differences in serum zinc during pregnancy.
Drinking mineral water fortified with folic acid, vitamins (including D) and calcium for 8 weeks raised folate, lowered homocysteine, and increased urinary calcium excretion, indicating bioavailable calcium.
In this large randomized trial of women at high CVD risk, daily folic acid+B6+B12 did not change incidence of age-related cataract but was associated with a higher rate of cataract extraction over ~7 years.
Six months of folic acid+B12+B6 after successful PCI lowered homocysteine and reduced 1-year major adverse events and target lesion revascularization compared with placebo.
Late cord clamping (60 s) was associated with higher neonatal FT3/FT4 and fewer neonates with low vitamin B12 compared with early clamping (≤10 s); urinary iodine results were measured but not emphasized.
Giving multiple micronutrients including vitamin B12 to HIV-infected children increased their blood B12 and folate levels over six months.
Daily low-dose folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and betaine for 12 weeks reduced plasma homocysteine in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia compared with placebo.
Two-week daily alcohol (red wine or vodka) decreased serum folate and vitamin B12 and produced a small increase in plasma homocysteine.
In a 2-month trial, combined vitamin B12 + magnesium plus high-intensity interval training reduced CGRP levels and improved migraine disability, frequency, intensity and duration more than other groups.
Among patients with mild cognitive impairment, lower-normal vitamin B12 was associated with worse memory and reduced hippocampal microstructural integrity.
Among patients with mild cognitive impairment, lower-normal vitamin B12 was associated with worse memory and reduced hippocampal microstructural integrity.
In hemodialysis patients with high homocysteine, adding oral vitamin B12 (1 mg/day) reduced homocysteine substantially over weeks.
In this community cohort of early-pregnancy women, about one quarter were cobalamin-deficient while folate deficiency was rare.
Measured plasma folate and cobalamin in young children and tracked diarrheal episodes; plasma B12 did not predict diarrhea.
Large community survey showing low plasma cobalamin common in young Indian children, especially in breastfed infants, with associated metabolic markers.
Daily sublingual 1000 µg B12 for 6 months reduced ulcers, pain, and outbreak duration in people with recurrent mouth ulcers.
Daily sublingual 1000 µg B12 for 6 months reduced ulcers, pain, and outbreak duration in people with recurrent mouth ulcers.
High-dose folate, B6 and B12 lowered homocysteine but did not slow cognitive decline over 18 months and had more depression-related adverse events.
A 24-week randomized trial of L-methylfolate + methylcobalamin + PLP improved neuropathy symptoms and quality of life but did not change vibration perception threshold.
In women with GDM, metformin treatment led to a greater decline in total serum B12 during pregnancy than insulin, though bioavailable B12 and homocysteine did not differ between groups.
Small randomized double-blind trial in COPD patients; B12 supplementation produced modest improvements in exercise tolerance in more advanced COPD but no change in oxygen uptake kinetics.
Large randomized placebo-controlled trial follow-up showing folic acid + vitamin B12 supplementation was associated with increased overall and colorectal cancer incidence.
Dietary intervention (DIRECT PLUS) and lab analyses showed Mankai contains authentic bioactive B12 and long-term consumption in a green-Mediterranean diet increased serum B12 versus control.
Dietary intervention (DIRECT PLUS) and lab analyses showed Mankai contains authentic bioactive B12 and long-term consumption in a green-Mediterranean diet increased serum B12 versus control.
Methylcobalamin (500 µg) + folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not reduce cognitive decline at 24 months; transient improvements in executive function and depressive symptoms at 12 months were not sustained.
In hemodialysis patients, oral folic acid normalized plasma homocysteine; adding IV methylcobalamin provided no additional benefit over folic acid alone.
Maternal oral B12 supplementation during pregnancy was associated with higher expressive language scores in children at 30 months.
Two-year randomized trial in older adults: B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) lowered homocysteine but did not improve cognitive test scores.
Vitamin B12 lowered metabolic markers but did not change blood or clinical symptom scores over 3 months.
Lipid-based nutrient supplements given for 12 weeks to stunted children increased plasma cobalamin, reduced MMA, improved folate and hemoglobin, and lowered anemia risk.
Vitamin B12 lowered metabolic markers but did not change blood or clinical symptom scores over 3 months.
Adjunctive B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change overall symptoms or global cognition; attention/vigilance was preserved compared with decline in placebo.
Adjunctive B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change overall symptoms or global cognition; attention/vigilance was preserved compared with decline in placebo.
Methylcobalamin reduced MMA and homocysteine but did not prevent cognitive decline over 27 months in older diabetic adults with borderline B12.
Treatment-phase study in hemodialysis patients showing folate and added vitamin B12 lower but do not fully normalize homocysteine and MMA in ESRD.
In 24 hemodialysis patients, weekly subcutaneous hydroxocobalamin substantially lowered plasma homocysteine and reduced serum methylmalonic acid over 16 weeks.
Six months of multivitamin supplementation including B6, B12 and folate in elderly women increased B12 and folate status and lowered homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of B-vitamin therapy (including B12) in elderly: biomarkers improved (tHcy and MMA) but short-term treatment did not improve movement or cognitive tests.
Methylcobalamin reduced MMA and homocysteine but did not prevent cognitive decline over 27 months in older diabetic adults with borderline B12.
High-dose B-vitamin therapy (including B12) lowered homocysteine but was associated with greater GFR decline and more vascular events in diabetic nephropathy patients.
High-dose B-vitamin therapy (including B12) lowered homocysteine but was associated with greater GFR decline and more vascular events in diabetic nephropathy patients.
High-dose oral B12 did not reduce subjective fatigue in IBS/IBD patients with normal B12 levels; a small improvement was seen in motivation subscale.
High-dose oral B12 did not reduce subjective fatigue in IBS/IBD patients with normal B12 levels; a small improvement was seen in motivation subscale.
High-dose oral B12 did not reduce subjective fatigue in IBS/IBD patients with normal B12 levels; a small improvement was seen in motivation subscale.
B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not change the incidence of venous thromboembolism over ~5 years.
In elderly people, intramuscular B12+folate+B6 given eight times over 3 weeks lowered several metabolic markers of B12 deficiency and normalized them in a higher proportion than placebo.
Randomized open-label study adding pyrimidine nucleotides plus vitamins B1 and B12 to standard care for painful radiculopathy showed no significant difference in pain VAS but some functional and global-clinical improvement versus control.
A randomized crossover of whey (contains B12) vs soy protein in older adults with low B12 found WPI increased active B12 and folate (and those biochemical changes correlated with some cognitive improvements), but WPI did not produce a main cognitive benefit; soy improved some cognitive domains in females.
Cross-sectional analysis of older adults with moderately low B12 found no association between B12 status (total B12, holoTC, cB-12) and electrophysiologic or clinical neurologic measures.
Randomized trial comparing immediate vs 5–7 day prior folic acid+B12 supplementation in patients receiving pemetrexed-based chemotherapy; simultaneous supplementation was feasible and did not increase most hematologic toxicity.
Substudy of a double-blind RCT: metformin (1 g twice daily) plus insulin modestly increased early orthostatic blood pressure drop versus placebo; metformin reduced serum B12 modestly.
Randomized trial in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with low B12 showed 3-month correction of B12 with either route; sublingual methylcobalamin produced higher serum B12 at 3 months but differences resolved by 6 months.
In a 2-year randomized trial subsample, daily vitamin B12 (500 µg) plus folic acid did not change endothelial or inflammation biomarkers versus placebo in elderly with high homocysteine.
Small randomized trial in renal transplant recipients: folic acid plus vitamin B12 reduced fasting homocysteine; vitamin B6 reduced post-methionine-loading increases.
12-month randomized community trial: low-dose oral B12 (2 or 10 µg/day) significantly lowered plasma homocysteine compared to placebo; folic acid 200 µg/day also reduced homocysteine.
Prospective cohort of male smokers: higher dietary folate (but not vitamin B12) intake was associated with lower risk of cerebral infarction; B12 intake showed no significant association with stroke subtypes.
An RCT of RYGB patients found that an optimized multivitamin (WLS Forte) produced fewer iron and B12 deficiencies versus standard MVS; both groups received substantial vitamin D (total ~1200 IU/day) with similar 25-OHD levels at 12 months.
In obese adults on a weight-loss diet, synbiotic tablets increased vitamin D and B12 levels but both groups lost similar weight.
Caregiver education or provision of low‑protein foods reduced children's phenylalanine; micronutrients including vitamin B12 did not change significantly at 10 weeks.
Short-term high-dose folic acid improved endothelial function in young people with type 1 diabetes; vitamin B12 levels were measured and did not change.
Identical twins randomized to vegan vs omnivorous diets for 8 weeks; vegans had lower LDL, insulin and weight; serum B12 fell numerically but was not significantly different.
Secondary analysis of RCT data describing longitudinal micronutrient status after pancreaticoduodenectomy; documents prevalent vitamin D deficiency and related biochemical changes.
Young women randomized to pork diet, iron supplement, or control for 12 weeks; iron supplementation raised ferritin and both pork and iron raised hemoglobin; B12 concentrations were not significantly changed (trend to increase with pork).
Elderly women took a multivitamin for 16 weeks and showed faster spatial working memory and improved some blood nutrient markers.
Two years of B-vitamin supplementation (including 500 μg B12) in elderly with elevated homocysteine lowered homocysteine but did not change arterial stiffness (PWV) or carotid IMT.
Cross-sectional study measuring homocysteine metabolism markers and carotid intima-media thickness in people with and without type 2 diabetes.
In older adults with mild cognitive impairment, 6 months of folic acid increased serum folate and vitamin B12, lowered homocysteine, and led to small improvements in some cognitive scores.
Higher MMA was linked to hearing loss; short-term B12 did not improve hearing.
Vitamin B12 intervention did not change plasma TMAO or related choline metabolites in vegetarians.
B-vitamin treatment (including B12) lowered homocysteine and slowed some cognitive decline, especially in those with high baseline homocysteine.
Randomized trial comparing monthly high-dose oral cyanocobalamin vs weekly intramuscular hydroxocobalamin over 4 weeks; both routes improved B12 biomarkers but IM produced much larger early rises.
A 24‑week RCT of fortified milk (providing ~1008 mg Ca/day) plus exercise improved vitamin B‑12 and 25(OH)D levels and reduced bone turnover markers versus control.
Ancillary analysis of a large RCT of low-dose B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) in CVD survivors found no overall QOL benefit and a small worsening in emotional role limitations.
Double-blind randomized dose-finding trial in older adults with mild B12 deficiency showing dose-dependent reductions in methylmalonic acid; high oral doses required to approximate maximal biochemical response.
Observational analysis in fluoxetine-resistant MDD patients: baseline low folate predicted poor response, whereas low serum vitamin B12 did not predict treatment outcome.
One-year daily 1 mg oral B12 in older adults raised blood B12 but did not improve nerve conduction or cognitive tests.
In two cohorts, maternal and infant blood B12 concentrations correlated; milk B12 correlated with infant B12 in Canada but not in Cambodia, and most mothers and infants had adequate B12 status.
Daily 500 μg cobalamin given sublingually or orally for 4 weeks similarly corrected low serum B12 concentrations.
In 120 AD patients, 6 months of daily folic acid plus vitamin B12 modestly improved some cognitive subtests, lowered homocysteine and TNFα, and raised B12 and SAM/ SAM:SAH.
In 120 AD patients, 6 months of daily folic acid plus vitamin B12 modestly improved some cognitive subtests, lowered homocysteine and TNFα, and raised B12 and SAM/ SAM:SAH.
Prospective case-control study of vitamin B12 in cognitive impairment: B12-treated patients showed improvements in attention/calculation and visuoconstruction vs control at 6 months.
In 90 type 2 diabetic patients with neuropathy and low B12, 12 months of 1000 µg methylcobalamin normalized B12 and improved multiple neuropathy measures (nerve conduction, pain, sudomotor function) and quality of life.
In a general adult sample randomized to B6, B12, or placebo for ~1 month, vitamin B12 showed a small/near-significant reduction in self-reported anxiety and a trend toward increased visual contrast thresholds (greater surround suppression).
In 80 children with nutritional macrocytic anemia, parenteral vitamin B12 produced larger increases in serum B12 and hemoglobin at 3 months than oral B12.
Children given vitamin B12 and/or folic acid in early life showed no difference in cognition 6 years later.
Compared dolutegravir vs non-dolutegravir ART; measured folate, B12 and MCV — B12 levels did not differ between arms.
In people with low or marginal B12, 12 weeks of high-dose folic acid raised folate stores but did not change methylmalonic acid (a marker of B12 function).
Compared dolutegravir vs non-dolutegravir ART; measured folate, B12 and MCV — B12 levels did not differ between arms.
Epidural dexamethasone plus vitamin B12 after PEID reduced early postoperative pain and inflammatory markers and shortened hospital stay, with no long-term differences.
Epidural dexamethasone plus vitamin B12 after PEID reduced early postoperative pain and inflammatory markers and shortened hospital stay, with no long-term differences.
Six-month early-life supplementation with vitamin B12 + folic acid led to lower homocysteine 6–7 years later; no overall effects on leptin/adiponectin.
Daily vitamin B12 supplementation for 6 months produced a small overall increase in weight-for-age and larger benefits in malnourished subgroups.
Combined and separate vitamin D3+B12 supplementation over 12 weeks raised serum 25(OH)D and B12; the single-tablet formulation produced larger average increases.
Daily 2 μg vitamin B12 for 12 months improved biochemical B12 status but did not change neurodevelopment, growth, or hemoglobin at end of study.
Children with severe acute malnutrition received RUTF and showed improved vitamin B12 biomarker status at discharge, though some remained deficient.
In 8–11 year-old children, 12 weeks of folic acid + B12 increased arsenic methylation capacity as shown by changes in blood and urine arsenic metabolites.
Daily vitamin B12 for one year in infants did not change night or total sleep duration or WASO; a small negative effect was reported for sleep onset latency.
Daily vitamin B12 for one year in infants did not change night or total sleep duration or WASO; a small negative effect was reported for sleep onset latency.
Prenatal high-dose maternal B12 increased human milk B12 at 6 weeks, and postnatal supplementation increased milk B12 at 7 months.
Prenatal high-dose maternal B12 increased human milk B12 at 6 weeks, and postnatal supplementation increased milk B12 at 7 months.
In preterm infants receiving erythropoietin and iron, adding vitamin B12 + higher-dose folate modestly enhanced erythropoiesis over 4 weeks.
Case-control analysis found lower folate and B12 in neural tube defect pregnancies vs controls (not significant in this sample), and pooled literature showed lower serum B12 in cases.
8-week subcutaneous methyl B12 improved clinician-rated global autism symptoms and methylation markers but did not change parent-rated behavior or social responsiveness.
Two-year daily vitamin B12+folic acid (both arms received vitamin D) did not prevent decline in physical performance or handgrip strength or reduce fall risk in older adults overall; possible benefit on walking and in compliant >80y subgroup.
Two-year daily vitamin B12+folic acid (both arms received vitamin D) did not prevent decline in physical performance or handgrip strength or reduce fall risk in older adults overall; possible benefit on walking and in compliant >80y subgroup.
Long-term intramuscular ultra-high-dose methylcobalamin did not meet primary endpoints overall, but a post-hoc subgroup diagnosed ≤12 months after onset showed prolonged time to death/ventilation and less functional decline.
Substudy of a cluster-RCT in rural China: daily fortified cereal or meat for 1 year increased serum B12 and lowered homocysteine; meat and fortified cereal groups had modestly higher cognitive scores versus local cereal.
12-week double-blind randomized trial in vegans/vegetarians with marginal B12 deficiency: weekly sublingual 350 μg and 2000 μg both restored serum B12 and improved related metabolic markers.
In an early PD cohort, low baseline B12 predicted greater worsening of mobility, whereas elevated homocysteine predicted greater cognitive decline on MMSE.
MRI substudy within an RCT of 2-year folic acid + vitamin B12 supplementation in older adults; investigated cross-sectional associations of B12/folate/Hcy biomarkers with grey, white and total brain volumes and compared brain volumes by supplementation group after 2 years.
MRI substudy within an RCT of 2-year folic acid + vitamin B12 supplementation in older adults; investigated cross-sectional associations of B12/folate/Hcy biomarkers with grey, white and total brain volumes and compared brain volumes by supplementation group after 2 years.
Open-label, assessor-blinded randomized trial in infants with Infantile Tremor Syndrome comparing daily injectable B12 alone vs B12 plus multinutrients; primary outcome caregiver Likert score at 1 week and developmental scales at 1 week and 1 month.
Prospective analysis within a maternal supplementation trial examining associations between maternal B12 biomarkers during pregnancy and infant B12 status at 6 weeks (n=77 infants).
Randomized, double-blind trial in 6–30 month-old Indian children testing daily vitamin B12 and/or folic acid for 6 months; developmental outcomes (ASQ-3) assessed in 422 children.
Randomized, double-blind trial in 6–30 month-old Indian children testing daily vitamin B12 and/or folic acid for 6 months; developmental outcomes (ASQ-3) assessed in 422 children.
Single-centre randomized, double-blind trial testing topical citicoline + cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) eyedrops vs placebo in patients with diabetes-related corneal nerve damage; primary outcomes nerve fiber length density and corneal sensitivity over 18 months.
Randomized, unblinded 4-week dose-response trial in 30 long-term vegetarians testing roasted nori (5 g/day or 8 g/day) vs control; assessed serum B12, holoTC, Hcy, MMA and combined 4cB12 index.
Intranasal B12 given either as a loading regimen or every-3-day dosing raised blood B12 and corrected related metabolic markers; loading gave faster larger early rises.
A 4-week vegan diet rapidly lowered circulating holo-transcobalamin and serum B12 but did not change cellular markers (MMA, homocysteine) or cause clinical deficiency.
Adding 5 µg/day B12 during pregnancy modestly altered some blood markers and appeared to reduce risk of developing anemia compared with iron+folate alone.
Adding 5 µg/day B12 during pregnancy modestly altered some blood markers and appeared to reduce risk of developing anemia compared with iron+folate alone.
Intravenous B12 (100 µg/mL twice weekly for 8 weeks) reduced median homocysteine and modestly increased hemoglobin and hematocrit in hemodialysis patients.
Add-on methylcobalamin (alone or with folic acid) improved glycemic control and insulin-related markers in people with type 2 diabetes over 8 weeks.
Adding folic acid plus vitamin B12 during isotretinoin therapy increased folate and B12 levels and lowered homocysteine compared with isotretinoin alone.
In hemodialysis patients, high-dose folic acid combined with 1 mg/day vitamin B12 (and higher folic acid dose) produced the largest reduction in plasma homocysteine over 8 weeks.
Compared dietary intake and biochemical markers in depressed patients vs controls; depressed group had poorer diet and lower serum B12 and folate.
Large randomized trial in pregnant women: B12 improved maternal B12 status but did not change infant growth or cognitive scores.
Large randomized trial in pregnant women: B12 improved maternal B12 status but did not change infant growth or cognitive scores.
Small 12-week RCT in NAFLD patients: B12 (1000 µg/day) lowered homocysteine and improved some within-group markers but most liver/metabolic outcomes did not differ versus placebo.
Intravenous B12 (100 µg/mL twice weekly for 8 weeks) reduced median homocysteine and modestly increased hemoglobin and hematocrit in hemodialysis patients.
Methylcobalamin (500 µg) + folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not reduce cognitive decline at 24 months; transient improvements in executive function and depressive symptoms at 12 months were not sustained.
Randomized trial comparing immediate vs 5–7 day prior folic acid+B12 supplementation in patients receiving pemetrexed-based chemotherapy; simultaneous supplementation was feasible and did not increase most hematologic toxicity.
In people with mild–moderate Alzheimer's on cholinesterase inhibitors, add-on multivitamin including mecobalamin (B12) for 26 weeks lowered homocysteine but produced no cognitive or ADL benefit.
Two randomized placebo-controlled trials in women with PCOS found metformin did not change homocysteine; nonpregnant women showed reductions in folate and B12.
Reproductive-aged Guatemalan women received weekly or daily folic acid (with B12 and minerals) for 12 weeks; folate improved and homocysteine fell in all groups, daily B12 raised serum B12.
Postmenopausal women on hormone therapy plus folic acid had lowered homocysteine, whereas hormone therapy alone increased homocysteine; control group had no change.
In levodopa-treated Parkinson patients, folate plus vitamin B12 decreased homocysteine over 6 weeks while entacapone did not.
16‑week double‑blind randomized placebo‑controlled trial of a multivitamin (high‑dose B‑vitamins including B12) versus placebo in healthy adults; measured B12, homocysteine and diurnal cortisol outcomes.
Small 12-week RCT in NAFLD patients: B12 (1000 µg/day) lowered homocysteine and improved some within-group markers but most liver/metabolic outcomes did not differ versus placebo.
In infants with biochemical B12 deficiency, a single IM hydroxycobalamin injection markedly improved B12 biomarkers and led to greater short-term gains in motor development versus placebo.
In elderly subjects, a 12-week supplement containing folic acid and cobalamin improved B-vitamin status and lowered homocysteine, with greater effect in those with higher baseline Hcy.
Intravenous cobalamin with folate and B6 markedly raised serum B12 and reduced serum homocysteine when given two or three times weekly in hemodialysis patients.
Daily 1000 µg crystalline cobalamin for 12 weeks (milk or capsule) effectively increased serum cobalamin and lowered MMA and homocysteine in mildly deficient elderly.
Randomized trial in newly diagnosed cobalamin-deficient patients comparing daily oral (2 mg) versus intermittent intramuscular (1 mg) cyanocobalamin for 4 months; oral therapy was at least as effective and produced larger biochemical improvements.
Women with PCOS on metformin experienced a decrease in serum cobalamin after six months, but other functional markers (holoTC, MMA) did not indicate deficiency.
Children with moderate acute malnutrition received food supplements; serum cobalamin rose during 3 months of supplementation but many remained marginal.
In infants with biochemical B12 deficiency, a single IM hydroxycobalamin injection markedly improved B12 biomarkers and led to greater short-term gains in motor development versus placebo.
8-week double-blind RCT in adults at increased diabetes risk testing salmon fish protein supplement vs placebo and measuring blood micronutrient concentrations.
In a randomized crossover herring intervention, serum vitamin B12 and selenium increased after 6 weeks of high fish intake while 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 did not change significantly.
Controlled feeding study (humans) and mouse experiments: higher maternal choline intake raised bioactive B12 (holotranscobalamin) in pregnant women and altered B12-related biomarkers.
RCT (n=70 allocated, 68 completed) of tailored progressive dietary advice plus new complete dentures vs standard care in edentulous elders, assessing nutritional status (MNA) and nutrient intake at 3 months.
Large 2-year RCT in older adults with high homocysteine: combined B12+folic acid did not reduce overall osteoporotic fractures; exploratory subgroup suggested benefit in adherent >80-year-olds but cancer incidence was higher in the treatment arm.
Large 2-year RCT in older adults with high homocysteine: combined B12+folic acid did not reduce overall osteoporotic fractures; exploratory subgroup suggested benefit in adherent >80-year-olds but cancer incidence was higher in the treatment arm.
In men with mildly elevated homocysteine, B‑group vitamin supplementation (including cyanocobalamin) reduced plasma homocysteine over 8 weeks.
Randomized double-blind trial in 31 women (65–93 y) giving folic acid (800 μg) + vitamin B12 (1000 μg) vs placebo for 4 months: homocysteine fell in the treated group but bone turnover markers did not change.
Two-year randomized trial in older adults (subgroup with baseline homocysteine >15 μmol/L n=135) showing B‑vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change bone turnover biomarkers.
Protocol and baseline description of a randomized trial (n=2919) testing vitamin B12+folic acid vs placebo in elderly; both groups received vitamin D (600 IU) and outcome results were not reported in this paper.
Factorial RCT in elderly patients with ischemic vascular disease testing folic acid + vitamin B12 (and other B vitamins); folic acid + B12 lowered homocysteine by ~5.0 μmol/L but produced no significant improvement in fibrinogen, vWF, or cognitive tests over one year.
In insulin-treated type 2 diabetics, 16 weeks of added metformin reduced serum folate and vitamin B12 and produced a modest increase in homocysteine compared with placebo.
In women with GDM, metformin treatment led to a greater decline in total serum B12 during pregnancy than insulin, though bioavailable B12 and homocysteine did not differ between groups.
Adjunctive B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change overall symptoms or global cognition; attention/vigilance was preserved compared with decline in placebo.
Methylcobalamin reduced MMA and homocysteine but did not prevent cognitive decline over 27 months in older diabetic adults with borderline B12.
6-month randomized double-blind trial of combined folic acid, B6 and B12 in migraine with aura showed marked homocysteine lowering and reduced migraine disability in supplemented patients, with genotype-modified response.
Randomized phase 2 trial found that adding folic acid and vitamin B12 to gemcitabine/cisplatin did not significantly change response rate, time to progression, or overall survival, though homocysteine fell with supplementation.
Randomized 4-week intervention in lactovegetarians comparing low-dose CN‑B12 capsules vs cow or buffalo milk (natural HO‑B12): all three modestly improved B12 biomarkers with similar combined-index changes at 3.5 weeks.
Two-year treatment with folate plus mecobalamin (vitamin B12) lowered homocysteine and substantially reduced hip fracture incidence in elderly post-stroke patients.
Long-term combined B-vitamin treatment lowered homocysteine but did not change plasma markers of inflammation or endothelial dysfunction.
Fortified rice increased plasma vitamin B12, lowered homocysteine, and improved physical performance in school children after 6 months.
In MI survivors, folic acid plus B12 lowered homocysteine but did not reduce major vascular events, stroke, or mortality over ~6.7 years.
In patients with advanced CKD/ESRD, high-dose folic acid plus B vitamins including cyanocobalamin (B12) lowered homocysteine but did not reduce mortality or major vascular events over ~3.2 years.
One-month randomized trial in elderly inpatients showing 50 µg oral cyanocobalamin raises serum B12; 10 µg did not differ from placebo.
Dietary-protein intervention trial found that plasma homocysteine was inversely associated with vitamin B12 intake at 3 months (observational within trial).
Large randomized trial of folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in high-risk women: homocysteine fell but there was no reduction in cardiovascular events or mortality.
Large randomized trial after acute MI showed folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine markedly but did not reduce recurrent cardiovascular events; possible harm suggested in combined-vitamin arm.
Large RCT: folic acid+B6+B12 lowered homocysteine and reduced stroke incidence but did not affect stroke severity or disability.
6-month RCT in hemodialysis patients with hyperhomocysteinemia: high-dose B-vitamin regimen significantly lowered homocysteine but did not change carotid IMT.
Women with migraine took a daily vitamin tablet (1 mg folic acid + B6 + B12) for 6 months; B12 levels rose but homocysteine and migraine outcomes did not change significantly.
In this pilot randomized trial, adding folic acid/vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine while simvastatin reduced LDL, and there was no antagonistic interaction.
Daily multivitamin supplementation for 8 weeks increased vitamin B12 and folate levels, lowered homocysteine, and improved contextual recognition memory in older men.
Adding folic acid plus vitamin B12 (and probucol in one arm) to antihypertensive therapy lowered plasma homocysteine and ADMA over 12 weeks in hypertensive patients.
In depressed patients, adding folic acid to fluoxetine reduced homocysteine and improved depression scores, while vitamin B12 levels did not change.
Three-arm randomized trial (drink powder with betaine + B‑vitamins, UNIMMAP multivitamin, control) in 298 women; both supplements substantially lowered plasma homocysteine versus control, drink powder > UNIMMAP.
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in frail elderly showing enriched drink increased plasma B12, lowered homocysteine, and improved some cognitive test scores over 6 months.
After coronary angioplasty, patients given folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 had lower homocysteine and less restenosis and revascularization vs placebo.
In nursing-home residents, adding oat-bran reduced laxative use and was associated with slower decline in plasma B12 compared with control; homocysteine fell in both groups.
Cross-sectional study found common vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies and a high prevalence of elevated homocysteine among adolescent Afghan refugees; lower B12 associated with higher homocysteine.
Type 2 diabetes patients randomized to folic acid, methylcobalamin, both, or control for 12 weeks: methylcobalamin (and combinations) reduced plasma homocysteine and increased HTase/PON activity, with the greatest homocysteine reduction seen with methylcobalamin alone.
In 50 hemodialysis patients with high homocysteine, regimens including monthly B12 injections plus folic acid and B6 significantly lowered plasma homocysteine; high and low B-vitamin dose regimens had similar efficacy.
Older women took daily high-dose folic acid, B6 and B12 or placebo for ~7 years; supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not reduce depression risk.
Schizophrenic patients with high homocysteine received B vitamins and showed lower homocysteine and better clinical and cognitive scores versus placebo.
In RA patients randomized to SSZ, MTX, or combination, MTX (and especially combination) produced persistent rises in plasma homocysteine; SSZ caused only a slight temporary rise.
B-vitamin combination (including 1000 µg B12) for 6 months lowered homocysteine and improved endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in renal transplant recipients.
Short-term folic acid with methylcobalamin markedly lowered homocysteine and increased HTase/PON activity in type 2 diabetes.
Daily folate + B12 + B6 lowered homocysteine but did not change blood pressure in older adults over 2 years.
In kidney transplant patients with high homocysteine, folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine and suggested improved blood vessel function.
In older adults with CKD, daily B-vitamin therapy including vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not reduce cardiovascular events and was associated with increased hospitalizations for some cardiac conditions.
Cross-sectional study measuring homocysteine metabolism markers and carotid intima-media thickness in people with and without type 2 diabetes.
Daily 1000 µg crystalline cobalamin for 12 weeks (milk or capsule) effectively increased serum cobalamin and lowered MMA and homocysteine in mildly deficient elderly.
High-dose folate supplementation markedly lowered very high homocysteine levels in peritoneal dialysis patients; serum B12 did not change.
Randomized study adding mecobalamin to standard care in ischemic stroke patients with H-type hypertension and measuring homocysteine, inflammation, plaques and function over 6 months.
Randomized trial of a 16-week combined training exercise program in PLHIV assessing homocysteine and oxidative stress markers; vitamin levels were measured but not supplemented.
6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of daily B-vitamin supplementation (B6, B9, B12) in women with migraine with aura, assessing homocysteine and migraine outcomes and genotype effects.
In PCI patients, baseline ADMA and TML were independently associated with angiographic CAD progression; moderate-dose folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not change median ADMA or TML.
Six‑month randomized, double‑blind trial of methylfolate + P5P + methylcobalamin showed large reductions in homocysteine and modest reductions in LDL‑C versus placebo, with greater effects in homozygous minor‑allele genotype subgroup.
Controlled trial testing multivitamin (including hydroxycobalamin) or individual vitamins on plasma homocysteine in patients and volunteers.
A 6-month RCT of a multivitamin/trace element formula increased cobalamin and other vitamins and reduced homocysteine in healthy volunteers.
In a 24-month randomized trial of B vitamins (methylcobalamin + folic acid), cognitive decline was slowed in MCI patients with greater left frontal lobe atrophy; homocysteine was lowered.
28-day randomized placebo-controlled pilot tested folic acid, fish oil and calcium on cancer risk markers; vitamin B12 was measured but not supplemented.
Six months of high-dose B-group multivitamin supplementation increased blood B12 and B6 and lowered homocysteine; brain metabolite concentrations did not change significantly in this small neuroimaging sub-study.
B-vitamin supplementation (including B12 and folic acid) markedly lowered homocysteine but did not change markers of inflammation or haemostasis in PAOD patients over 6 weeks.
Drinking mineral water fortified with folic acid, vitamins (including D) and calcium for 8 weeks raised folate, lowered homocysteine, and increased urinary calcium excretion, indicating bioavailable calcium.
A targeted medical nutrition therapy increased folate (and B6 and B12) levels and substantially reduced serum lipids in hyperlipidemic patients, while plasma homocysteine was unchanged.
Daily vitamin B-complex for 12 weeks lowered homocysteine and improved blood sugar and kidney markers in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria.
4110 kidney transplant recipients randomized to high- vs low-dose folic acid/B6/B12: homocysteine was reduced but there was no reduction in composite cardiovascular outcomes over ~4 years.
Daily fortified milk (including phytosterols) plus lifestyle counselling for 3 months improved several CVD-related markers (lower homocysteine, higher folate/B12) and tended to improve LDL:HDL; effects are from combined intervention.
6-week randomized trial of B-vitamin (including B12) plus folic acid in PAD patients: homocysteine fell and B12/folate rose, but ADMA did not change.
In dialysis patients, adding supraphysiologic B-vitamin doses including 1 mg B12 significantly lowered plasma homocysteine over 4–8 weeks compared with placebo.
In elderly people, a folate-rich diet with or without B12/B6 supplements significantly reduced blood homocysteine.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of L-arginine plus B vitamins for 3–6 months in mildly hypertensive adults; intervention improved postprandial endothelial function, lowered homocysteine and reduced blood pressure.
Cluster randomized, double-blind protocol comparing 1 mg/day vitamin B12 delivered as fortified food vs pill vs routine PACAM (placebo arm) in older Chilean adults; outcomes planned include serum B12, nerve conduction and MMSE; this is a protocol paper (no results reported).
Follow-up of an RCT of daily 2 µg vitamin B12 vs placebo given in infancy (6–11 months) for 12 months (original n=600); at 42–47 months there was no overall effect on WPPSI-IV FSIQ or other neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Factorial RCT in elderly patients with ischemic vascular disease testing folic acid + vitamin B12 (and other B vitamins); folic acid + B12 lowered homocysteine by ~5.0 μmol/L but produced no significant improvement in fibrinogen, vWF, or cognitive tests over one year.
Randomized open-label study adding pyrimidine nucleotides plus vitamins B1 and B12 to standard care for painful radiculopathy showed no significant difference in pain VAS but some functional and global-clinical improvement versus control.
In 100 patients with chronic postthoracotomy pain, pregabalin plus methylcobalamin improved pain and neuropathic symptom scores compared with diclofenac, with minimal side effects.
Gabapentin combined with vitamins B1 and B12 reduced neuropathic pain similarly to pregabalin, with some differences in adverse events and sleep improvements.
Adding B vitamins (thiamine, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin) to dexketoprofen produced faster and slightly greater pain relief and reduced disability over 7 days compared with dexketoprofen alone.
In an open randomized trial, adding neuromultivit (multivitamin containing B vitamins) to standard therapy for L5-S1 vertebrogenic radiculopathy produced greater improvements in pain and disability than basic therapy alone.
After total gastrectomy, two oral B12 doses (500 µg vs 1500 µg/day) produced similar restoration of blood B12 and symptom improvement by 3 months.
Intramuscular 1 mg B12 increased serum B12 but did not significantly lower plasma homocysteine over 3 months in haemodialysis patients.
Vitamin B12 lowered metabolic markers but did not change blood or clinical symptom scores over 3 months.
High-dose B-vitamin therapy (including B12) lowered homocysteine but was associated with greater GFR decline and more vascular events in diabetic nephropathy patients.
B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not change the incidence of venous thromboembolism over ~5 years.
Young men with high homocysteine took B-vitamin supplements for 8 weeks; homocysteine fell but artery function did not change.
Young women given folic acid with or without B12 for 4 weeks: all vitamin treatments lowered homocysteine, and adding B12 produced larger reductions.
Haemodialysis patients given folinic/folic acid plus vitamin B6 and weekly oral B12 experienced large, sustained reductions in plasma homocysteine over 6 months.
In 60 maintenance hemodialysis patients, two daily vitamin regimens (both containing B12) reduced plasma homocysteine substantially over 12 months.
In a factorial randomized trial, B-vitamin supplementation including vitamin B12 (1 mg) lowered plasma homocysteine by ~30% in people at high risk of dementia after 12 weeks.
Giving B12 alone modestly lowered homocysteine; combining B12 with folic acid lowered it much more.
Daily B-vitamin (folic acid, B6, B12) vs placebo in 8164 patients after stroke/TIA: overall no significant reduction in major vascular events, but subgroup not on antiplatelet therapy showed fewer events; B-vitamins lowered homocysteine.
In patients with hyperthyroidism, plasma homocysteine was low and inversely related to B-vitamins (including cobalamin); after antithyroid therapy homocysteine increased while folate and cobalamin decreased.
In CAD patients with high homocysteine, B-vitamin therapy (folic acid, B6, B12) markedly lowered tHcy but had minimal effects on oxidative stress markers and only a small reduction in serum amyloid A.
A single intramuscular hydroxycobalamin injection in infants with biochemical B12 impairment rapidly corrected biomarkers and improved motor scores and regurgitation.
PCOS patients on metformin who received B-group vitamins had reduced rises in homocysteine compared to metformin alone over 12 weeks.
A 4-week vegan diet rapidly lowered circulating holo-transcobalamin and serum B12 but did not change cellular markers (MMA, homocysteine) or cause clinical deficiency.
Daily folic acid (400 µg) plus vitamin B12 (100 µg) for 2 years produced small but significant improvements in global cognitive score and memory measures in older adults with distress.
Daily folic acid (400 µg) plus vitamin B12 (100 µg) for 2 years produced small but significant improvements in global cognitive score and memory measures in older adults with distress.
In stroke/TIA patients, long-term B-vitamin (including B12) supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change carotid thickness or endothelial function.
In renal-transplant patients with high homocysteine, B-vitamin supplementation including B12 lowered homocysteine and reduced carotid artery thickness over 6 months.
In Indian children 6–30 months, B12 and/or folic acid improved biochemical status but did not reduce diarrhea or respiratory infections; folic acid (alone or with B12) increased persistent diarrhea risk.
In patients with idiopathic tinnitus, one month of vitamin B12 did not reduce tinnitus severity compared with placebo at one and three months.
Daily low-dose B vitamins (including B12) for 12 months reduced Framingham risk score and increased HDL, with effects reversing after stopping.
In a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial a multivitamin containing vitamin B12 raised plasma B12 and improved homocysteine and LDL oxidation markers.
Two double-blind RCTs (children and adults) showed B12-fortified foods substantially raised plasma B12 and reduced homocysteine compared with placebo.
In non-diabetic high-risk breast cancer patients, 6 months of metformin reduced plasma vitamin B12 levels and increased biochemical B12 deficiency without causing anemia.
Women with migraine took a daily vitamin tablet (1 mg folic acid + B6 + B12) for 6 months; B12 levels rose but homocysteine and migraine outcomes did not change significantly.
Vegetarian women received 500 μg oral B12 every other day for 6 weeks; B12 levels rose and homocysteine fell within 2 weeks and stayed lower.
Giving B12 alone modestly lowered homocysteine; combining B12 with folic acid lowered it much more.
Pooled analyses from several randomized, double-blind trials and an open-label extension testing Souvenaid (Fortasyn Connect) versus control in mild/mild-to-moderate AD; measured plasma micronutrients and fatty acid incorporation.
Daily folic acid plus vitamin B12 for 16 weeks improved negative symptoms in schizophrenia when genetic folate-metabolism variants were considered; no change in positive or total symptoms.
People with relapsing-remitting MS on two dietary interventions plus supplements had improved mood over 24 weeks; serum B12 rose and homocysteine fell, but those blood changes did not explain the mood improvement.
In this large randomized trial of women at high CVD risk, daily folic acid+B6+B12 did not change incidence of age-related cataract but was associated with a higher rate of cataract extraction over ~7 years.
Six months of folic acid+B12+B6 after successful PCI lowered homocysteine and reduced 1-year major adverse events and target lesion revascularization compared with placebo.
Late cord clamping (60 s) was associated with higher neonatal FT3/FT4 and fewer neonates with low vitamin B12 compared with early clamping (≤10 s); urinary iodine results were measured but not emphasized.
Giving multiple micronutrients including vitamin B12 to HIV-infected children increased their blood B12 and folate levels over six months.
Weekly iron+folic acid with or without added vitamin B12 for 26 weeks raised haemoglobin; addition of B12 improved ferritin and reduced B12 deficiency more than IFA alone.
In people with low or marginal B12, 12 weeks of high-dose folic acid raised folate stores but did not change methylmalonic acid (a marker of B12 function).
Daily 1000 µg crystalline cobalamin for 12 weeks (milk or capsule) effectively increased serum cobalamin and lowered MMA and homocysteine in mildly deficient elderly.
Randomized trial in infants: a single intramuscular 400 μg cobalamin dose at 6 weeks raised serum cobalamin and normalized metabolic markers by 4 months.
In a 2-month trial, combined vitamin B12 + magnesium plus high-intensity interval training reduced CGRP levels and improved migraine disability, frequency, intensity and duration more than other groups.
In a 2-month trial, combined vitamin B12 + magnesium plus high-intensity interval training reduced CGRP levels and improved migraine disability, frequency, intensity and duration more than other groups.
Among patients with mild cognitive impairment, lower-normal vitamin B12 was associated with worse memory and reduced hippocampal microstructural integrity.
In this community cohort of early-pregnancy women, about one quarter were cobalamin-deficient while folate deficiency was rare.
Pregnant women randomized to 250 μg/day B12 vs placebo showed higher maternal and infant B12 status and lower MMA; maternal vaccine IgA responses improved and some infant inflammation markers decreased.
A double-blind RCT of 1000 μg/day oral B12 vs placebo for one month in patients with borderline B12 showed rapid metabolic response (MMA fell) at 1 month but effects were not sustained after stopping therapy.
A randomized crossover of whey (contains B12) vs soy protein in older adults with low B12 found WPI increased active B12 and folate (and those biochemical changes correlated with some cognitive improvements), but WPI did not produce a main cognitive benefit; soy improved some cognitive domains in females.
Higher MMA was linked to hearing loss; short-term B12 did not improve hearing.
Randomized trial comparing monthly high-dose oral cyanocobalamin vs weekly intramuscular hydroxocobalamin over 4 weeks; both routes improved B12 biomarkers but IM produced much larger early rises.
In older or at-risk patients with low B12, both oral (1000 µg/day) and IM regimens normalized serum cobalamin in all patients; oral B12 showed lower MMA at day 91.
4-month randomized double-blind trial in elderly: oral B-vitamins raised cobalamin markers and tended to lower MMA and homocysteine, differences were not statistically strong.
Randomized trial in newly diagnosed cobalamin-deficient patients comparing daily oral (2 mg) versus intermittent intramuscular (1 mg) cyanocobalamin for 4 months; oral therapy was at least as effective and produced larger biochemical improvements.
Cross-sectional baseline biochemical analysis of infants (6–11 months) showing variable cobalamin status: depending on marker, a large proportion had functional indicators of low B12 while folate was adequate.
Women with PCOS on metformin experienced a decrease in serum cobalamin after six months, but other functional markers (holoTC, MMA) did not indicate deficiency.
In elderly with cobalamin deficiency, high-dose oral cyanocobalamin lowered SAH, MMA, and homocysteine.
6-month RCT in hemodialysis patients with hyperhomocysteinemia: high-dose B-vitamin regimen significantly lowered homocysteine but did not change carotid IMT.
Double-blind randomized trial: combined folic acid + B6 + B12 for 1 year reduced homocysteine and decreased carotid intima-media thickness compared with placebo.
Daily sublingual 1000 µg B12 for 6 months reduced ulcers, pain, and outbreak duration in people with recurrent mouth ulcers.
High-dose folate, B6 and B12 lowered homocysteine but did not slow cognitive decline over 18 months and had more depression-related adverse events.
A 24-week randomized trial of L-methylfolate + methylcobalamin + PLP improved neuropathy symptoms and quality of life but did not change vibration perception threshold.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial (n=73) of a 10-ingredient tablet including vitamin B12; active group had marked reduction in neuropathic pain and improvements in some nerve-function measures and vitamin B12 levels.
In women at high cardiovascular risk, combined folate, B6 and B12 supplementation did not change the risk of colorectal adenoma over follow-up.
Small randomized double-blind trial in COPD patients; B12 supplementation produced modest improvements in exercise tolerance in more advanced COPD but no change in oxygen uptake kinetics.
Small randomized double-blind trial in COPD patients; B12 supplementation produced modest improvements in exercise tolerance in more advanced COPD but no change in oxygen uptake kinetics.
At 10 years after bariatric surgery, adherence to calcium–vitamin D supplements was associated with substantially lower prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency.
Large randomized placebo-controlled trial follow-up showing folic acid + vitamin B12 supplementation was associated with increased overall and colorectal cancer incidence.
Dietary intervention (DIRECT PLUS) and lab analyses showed Mankai contains authentic bioactive B12 and long-term consumption in a green-Mediterranean diet increased serum B12 versus control.
Methylcobalamin (500 µg) + folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not reduce cognitive decline at 24 months; transient improvements in executive function and depressive symptoms at 12 months were not sustained.
In hemodialysis patients, oral folic acid normalized plasma homocysteine; adding IV methylcobalamin provided no additional benefit over folic acid alone.
In hemodialysis patients, oral folic acid normalized plasma homocysteine; adding IV methylcobalamin provided no additional benefit over folic acid alone.
Maternal oral B12 supplementation during pregnancy was associated with higher expressive language scores in children at 30 months.
Two-year randomized trial in older adults: B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) lowered homocysteine but did not improve cognitive test scores.
Three months of folic acid plus small doses of B-vitamins including B12 improved folate and lowered homocysteine in children but did not change cognitive test scores.
Randomized trial in PD patients on levodopa showed homocysteine‑lowering therapy (5 mg folate + 1500 μg vitamin B12 daily) increased BMD at lumbar spine and femur vs control over 12 months.
In elderly people, intramuscular B12+folate+B6 given eight times over 3 weeks lowered several metabolic markers of B12 deficiency and normalized them in a higher proportion than placebo.
Daily low-dose folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and betaine for 12 weeks reduced plasma homocysteine in Chinese adults with hyperhomocysteinemia compared with placebo.
In CAD patients, B-vitamin/folic acid supplementation lowered plasma total homocysteine but did not change fibrin clot structure/function (clot lysis time or maximum absorbance); other sulfur metabolites were linked to clot properties and outcomes.
Double-blind randomized trial: combined folic acid + B6 + B12 for 1 year reduced homocysteine and decreased carotid intima-media thickness compared with placebo.
Community-based case-control study comparing hypertensive patients and controls; found no difference in homocysteine but higher folate and B12 concentrations in hypertensive subjects.
In metformin-treated diabetic patients, supplementation with folate, vitamin B12 and B6 lowered homocysteine, raised B12 levels, and improved small-artery elasticity after 4 months.
In healthy volunteers, B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) lowered homocysteine by ~31% but did not change markers of endothelial dysfunction (tPA, PAI, vWf) over 8 weeks.
High-dose B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine (~27.7%) in healthy volunteers but produced no clear changes in clotting activation markers (F1+2, TAT); D-dimer showed a non-significant reduction.
Twelve weeks of fortified milk (including B-group vitamins and B12) in older adults increased circulating B vitamins (including B12), raised vitamin D, improved ω-3 status, and lowered homocysteine.
In elderly people, intramuscular B12+folate+B6 given eight times over 3 weeks lowered several metabolic markers of B12 deficiency and normalized them in a higher proportion than placebo.
In CAD patients, B-vitamin/folic acid supplementation lowered plasma total homocysteine but did not change fibrin clot structure/function (clot lysis time or maximum absorbance); other sulfur metabolites were linked to clot properties and outcomes.
In CAD patients, B-vitamin/folic acid supplementation lowered plasma total homocysteine but did not change fibrin clot structure/function (clot lysis time or maximum absorbance); other sulfur metabolites were linked to clot properties and outcomes.
Randomized open-label study adding pyrimidine nucleotides plus vitamins B1 and B12 to standard care for painful radiculopathy showed no significant difference in pain VAS but some functional and global-clinical improvement versus control.
In older adults at high cardiovascular risk, higher serum B12 was correlated with better memory only among those with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet.
Six months of a protein/HMB-containing oral nutritional supplement (which included vitamin D) improved multiple biochemical and hematological indices compared with placebo in older adults at risk of malnutrition.
Pregnant women randomized to 250 μg/day B12 vs placebo showed higher maternal and infant B12 status and lower MMA; maternal vaccine IgA responses improved and some infant inflammation markers decreased.
Pregnant women randomized to 250 μg/day B12 vs placebo showed higher maternal and infant B12 status and lower MMA; maternal vaccine IgA responses improved and some infant inflammation markers decreased.
A double-blind RCT of 1000 μg/day oral B12 vs placebo for one month in patients with borderline B12 showed rapid metabolic response (MMA fell) at 1 month but effects were not sustained after stopping therapy.
In Danish lactating mothers, supplemental oral B12 (variable doses) did not change serum B12 or binding proteins over 9 months.
Six months of multivitamin supplementation including B6, B12 and folate in elderly women increased B12 and folate status and lowered homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.
Randomized trial in infants: a single intramuscular 400 μg cobalamin dose at 6 weeks raised serum cobalamin and normalized metabolic markers by 4 months.
Randomized double-blind trial showing short-term nitrous oxide anaesthesia reduced serum folate and produced minor hematological changes but did not alter serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) levels in analyzed patients.
In patients with hyperthyroidism, plasma homocysteine was low and inversely related to B-vitamins (including cobalamin); after antithyroid therapy homocysteine increased while folate and cobalamin decreased.
Substudy of a randomized B‑vitamin trial: folic acid + vitamin B12 increased folate and cobalamin, lowered homocysteine (~2.8 µmol/L, ~29.5%) but did not change MCP‑1 levels or presence of VH‑TCFA.
In healthy adults, 6-week supplementation with natural or synthetic B-complex raised blood B-vitamin levels; natural B-complex showed a decrease in homocysteine and larger increases in antioxidant capacity in this small pilot.
Food-based supplement providing substantial B12 increased dietary B12 intake (>2-fold) but did not change circulating serum cobalamin or improve birth outcomes.
Cross-sectional analysis of older adults with moderately low B12 found no association between B12 status (total B12, holoTC, cB-12) and electrophysiologic or clinical neurologic measures.
Randomized trial comparing immediate vs 5–7 day prior folic acid+B12 supplementation in patients receiving pemetrexed-based chemotherapy; simultaneous supplementation was feasible and did not increase most hematologic toxicity.
Randomized trial comparing immediate vs 5–7 day prior folic acid+B12 supplementation in patients receiving pemetrexed-based chemotherapy; simultaneous supplementation was feasible and did not increase most hematologic toxicity.
A fortified drink given 6 days/week for 8 weeks reduced vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence and increased vitamin B12 concentration and hemoglobin in schoolchildren.
Double-blind randomized trial in pregnant women showed that a micronutrient-fortified beverage (including iodine) increased hemoglobin and ferritin and reduced risk of anemia and iron deficiency.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial in young children found that 6 months of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid did not improve hemoglobin concentrations.
Cross-sectional analysis in early pregnancy: higher plasma vitamin B12 was positively associated with hemoglobin concentration.
Cluster-RCTs in Kenya and Bangladesh delivering LNSs (containing B12) plus counseling increased hemoglobin, reduced anemia and improved vitamin B12 status in young children compared with control.
Substudy of a double-blind RCT: metformin (1 g twice daily) plus insulin modestly increased early orthostatic blood pressure drop versus placebo; metformin reduced serum B12 modestly.
Substudy of a double-blind RCT: metformin (1 g twice daily) plus insulin modestly increased early orthostatic blood pressure drop versus placebo; metformin reduced serum B12 modestly.
6-month randomized double-blind trial of combined folic acid, B6 and B12 in migraine with aura showed marked homocysteine lowering and reduced migraine disability in supplemented patients, with genotype-modified response.
6-month randomized double-blind trial of combined folic acid, B6 and B12 in migraine with aura showed marked homocysteine lowering and reduced migraine disability in supplemented patients, with genotype-modified response.
Randomized phase 2 trial found that adding folic acid and vitamin B12 to gemcitabine/cisplatin did not significantly change response rate, time to progression, or overall survival, though homocysteine fell with supplementation.
Randomized phase 2 trial found that adding folic acid and vitamin B12 to gemcitabine/cisplatin did not significantly change response rate, time to progression, or overall survival, though homocysteine fell with supplementation.
In a large phase III trial, adding folic acid and vitamin B12 to chemotherapy reduced treatment toxicity without harming survival outcomes.
Prospective ancillary study evaluating supplement use during chemotherapy; vitamin B12 use before and during treatment was associated with poorer disease-free survival.
Randomized phase 2 trial found that adding folic acid and vitamin B12 to gemcitabine/cisplatin did not significantly change response rate, time to progression, or overall survival, though homocysteine fell with supplementation.
Randomized 4-week intervention in lactovegetarians comparing low-dose CN‑B12 capsules vs cow or buffalo milk (natural HO‑B12): all three modestly improved B12 biomarkers with similar combined-index changes at 3.5 weeks.
Randomized 4-week intervention in lactovegetarians comparing low-dose CN‑B12 capsules vs cow or buffalo milk (natural HO‑B12): all three modestly improved B12 biomarkers with similar combined-index changes at 3.5 weeks.
Randomized trial in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients with low B12 showed 3-month correction of B12 with either route; sublingual methylcobalamin produced higher serum B12 at 3 months but differences resolved by 6 months.
A fortified drink given 6 days/week for 8 weeks reduced vitamin B12 deficiency prevalence and increased vitamin B12 concentration and hemoglobin in schoolchildren.
Among the first 127 participants in a micronutrient RCT, vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was common and treatment adherence to the capsule regimen was high (~88%).
Four-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in elderly people showing B-vitamin supplementation lowers markers of B12/folate deficiency.
Weekly iron+folic acid with or without added vitamin B12 for 26 weeks raised haemoglobin; addition of B12 improved ferritin and reduced B12 deficiency more than IFA alone.
Community-randomized trial: provision of a lipid-based nutrient supplement containing vitamin B12 reduced the proportion of young children classified as B12-deficient at 6 months compared with controls.
Cross-sectional baseline data in early pregnancy showed high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and that anemia was associated with B12 deficiency rather than iron deficiency.
Pre-operative assessment of bariatric surgery candidates found many did not meet dietary reference intakes; 48% had calcium intake below DRI.
Double-blind RCT (n=139) comparing an optimized multivitamin vs standard supplement in sleeve gastrectomy patients found improvements in folic acid, vitamin B1, PTH and anemia rates with the optimized supplement but no difference in vitamin D deficiency prevalence.
Among the first 127 participants in a micronutrient RCT, vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was common and treatment adherence to the capsule regimen was high (~88%).
Women evaluated taste/acceptability of salt fortified with iodine and other micronutrients; QFS was well accepted.
Cross-sectional analysis in older Dutch adults linking vitamin B12 intake from different food sources to serum B12 and related biomarkers.
Post hoc analysis of a CKD substudy evaluating whether baseline B12 status modifies the effect of folic acid treatment on CKD progression.
Secondary analysis of the OPEN RCT intervention arm testing whether baseline or change in B12 status modified neurological response to B12 supplementation in older adults.
Secondary analysis of intervention datasets: folic acid + vitamin B12 supplementation altered global DNA methylation patterns and reduced epigenetic age in a genotype- and sex-dependent manner (notably in women with MTHFR 677CC).
Moderate alcohol intake modestly decreased serum B12 and slightly increased homocysteine in healthy postmenopausal women.
Cross-sectional study of lactating Kenyan women found low breast milk B12 concentrations in most women and no association with reported household hunger or recent animal-source food or B12 intake.
In MI survivors, folic acid plus B12 lowered homocysteine but did not reduce major vascular events, stroke, or mortality over ~6.7 years.
In pregnant women with low B12, combined B12 plus protein-energy supplementation tended to increase homocysteine remethylation rates in late pregnancy.
Large randomized trial found a modestly greater homocysteine reduction with high-dose B-vitamins but no effect on recurrent stroke, coronary events, or death over 2 years.
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial in elderly people showed dose-dependent biomarker improvements with B12 supplements, but even 500 μg/day for 8 weeks left a minority with persistent metabolic abnormalities.
Premenopausal Indian women taking a multi-micronutrient, protein-rich supplement containing calcium had improved bone turnover markers and some micronutrient status after 6 months.
One-month randomized trial in elderly inpatients showing 50 µg oral cyanocobalamin raises serum B12; 10 µg did not differ from placebo.
Eight-week randomized controlled trial of an antioxidant mix (including vitamin B12) in older adults showing improved executive function and reduced oxidative stress markers versus placebo.
In people with biochemical signs of B12 deficiency, B12 injections produced improvement in one SF-36 domain (general health) but no change in seven other quality-of-life dimensions.
Large community survey showing low plasma cobalamin common in young Indian children, especially in breastfed infants, with associated metabolic markers.
A 12‑week multimicronutrient plus n‑3 PUFA supplement (including cholecalciferol) increased vitamin D status and reduced a composite low‑grade inflammation score versus placebo.
Large randomized trial of folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 in high-risk women: homocysteine fell but there was no reduction in cardiovascular events or mortality.
One-year RCT in older adults with MCI: vitamin B (with folate and B6) did not improve cognition.
4-month randomized double-blind trial in elderly: oral B-vitamins raised cobalamin markers and tended to lower MMA and homocysteine, differences were not statistically strong.
Multicenter double-blind RCT after coronary stenting: folate/B6/B12 therapy increased angiographic restenosis and repeat revascularization compared with placebo.
After coronary angioplasty, patients given folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 had lower homocysteine and less restenosis and revascularization vs placebo.
Cross-sectional study of older adults comparing low vs normal B12: no central motor conduction differences, but peripheral motor conduction delay in lower limbs with low B12.
In Danish lactating mothers, supplemental oral B12 (variable doses) did not change serum B12 or binding proteins over 9 months.
Topical vitamin B12 ointment applied twice daily to one hemi‑body significantly reduced psoriasis severity (PASI) and itching versus control emollient.
Adding oral vitamin B12 to standard peg‑interferon plus ribavirin increased early and sustained virological response rates in treatment‑naïve chronic HCV patients.
Baseline plasma betaine strongly predicted the post-methionine-load rise in homocysteine; B-vitamin supplementation weakened this relation.
Vitamin B12 injections reduced pain, paresthesia and tingling more than nortriptyline in people with painful diabetic neuropathy.
In patients with prior TIA/stroke, B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not change measured blood markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, or hypercoagulability at 6 months.
In metabolic syndrome patients, combined folate and B12 therapy lowered homocysteine and improved insulin resistance and several measures of endothelial function over 1 month of B-vitamin treatment.
Adding folic acid plus vitamin B12 (and probucol in one arm) to antihypertensive therapy lowered plasma homocysteine and ADMA over 12 weeks in hypertensive patients.
6-week randomized trial of B-vitamin (including B12) plus folic acid in PAD patients: homocysteine fell and B12/folate rose, but ADMA did not change.
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in frail elderly showing enriched drink increased plasma B12, lowered homocysteine, and improved some cognitive test scores over 6 months.
Two-year randomized trial in older adults (subgroup with baseline homocysteine >15 μmol/L n=135) showing B‑vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change bone turnover biomarkers.
Eight weeks of folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine and improved endothelial (flow-mediated) dilation in men with coronary heart disease.
Eight weeks of folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine and improved endothelial (flow-mediated) dilation in men with coronary heart disease.
A multi-nutrient formulation including vitamin B12 produced short-term improvements in some cognitive test scores vs placebo in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Alternate supplementation with vitamin B12 and folic acid lowered homocysteine in dialysis patients; effect reversed after washout and B12 levels rose with diffusive haemodialysis.
In 132 hemodialysis patients, supplementation with folate and/or B12 lowered homocysteine, with the magnitude and timing of response differing by C677T MTHFR genotype.
In a randomized double-blind crossover pilot, both natural and synthetic B-complex supplements raised serum B vitamins (including B12) and reduced homocysteine and some metabolic markers.
Six months of multivitamin supplementation including B6, B12 and folate in elderly women increased B12 and folate status and lowered homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.
In haemodialysis patients, alternating vitamin B12 and folic acid lowered homocysteine; effects depended on genotype and dialysis membrane type.
Long-term B-vitamin therapy (including B12 0.5 mg) lowered plasma homocysteine but did not change arterial wall inflammation by FDG-PET.
In unstable angina patients with high homocysteine, folic acid supplementation markedly lowered homocysteine and improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation over 8 weeks.
A 12-week randomized double-blind trial found benfotiamine plus B6/B12 improved peroneal nerve conduction in diabetic polyneuropathy with trends in vibration sense.
In patients with painful diabetic neuropathy, Milgamma (contains mecobalamin/cyanocobalamin) produced significant pain relief and improved vibration perception versus comparator over 3 months.
Randomized nonblinded trial found mecobalamin (vitamin B12) produced improvement in post-infectious olfactory dysfunction similar to tokishakuyakusan.
A 12-week double-blind crossover trial of injectable methyl B12 in children with autism found no significant group-level behavioral or glutathione changes, though a subgroup (~30%) showed clinical improvement with increased glutathione.
Type 2 diabetes patients randomized to folic acid, methylcobalamin, both, or control for 12 weeks: methylcobalamin (and combinations) reduced plasma homocysteine and increased HTase/PON activity, with the greatest homocysteine reduction seen with methylcobalamin alone.
Short-term folic acid with methylcobalamin markedly lowered homocysteine and increased HTase/PON activity in type 2 diabetes.
Maternal multiple micronutrient supplements reduced the rate of infant B12 deficiency at 6 months versus standard iron+folic acid.
Oral high-dose B12 was as effective as intramuscular B12 for hematologic recovery in megaloblastic anemia over 90 days.
In 50 hemodialysis patients with high homocysteine, regimens including monthly B12 injections plus folic acid and B6 significantly lowered plasma homocysteine; high and low B-vitamin dose regimens had similar efficacy.
Undernourished Kenyan schoolchildren ate a daily school meal with meat, milk, or energy for one year; meat and milk raised B12 status.
Diabetic neuropathy patients receiving electroacupuncture plus methylcobalamin injection had better nerve conduction and symptom scores than those receiving methylcobalamin injection alone.
Benfotiamine (alone or with B6 and B12) improved vibration perception, motor function and overall neuropathy symptoms in patients with alcoholic polyneuropathy over 8 weeks.
Adding mecobalamin to glutathione during FOLFOX4 chemo reduced nerve toxicity compared with glutathione alone.
Oral mecobalamin for 2 years improved electrophysiologic measures of sensory median nerve function in the nonparetic hands of stroke patients.
In older adults with CKD, daily B-vitamin therapy including vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not reduce cardiovascular events and was associated with increased hospitalizations for some cardiac conditions.
Healthy volunteers received B‑vitamins for 1 week before testing pain; no detectable effect of B‑vitamins on analgesia was found.
Older adults with low cobalamin received IM cyanocobalamin or no treatment; cognitive results were mixed with no clear consistent benefit.
Acupoint injection of 2000 µg VitB12 showed higher response rates and greater pain reduction than oral carbamazepine for trigeminal neuralgia in this randomized trial.
Inhalation of a vitamin B12 mixed solution improved symptoms of acute radiation-induced mucosal injury and facilitated uninterrupted radiotherapy compared with gentamycin inhalation.
Ancillary analysis of a large randomized trial (n=1748) found no overall cognitive benefit after 4 years of B-vitamin (including B12) and/or omega-3 supplementation; a subgroup with prior stroke showed reduced odds of decline in temporal orientation (OR 0.43).
Randomized trial in infants (n=107) giving 400 μg cobalamin at 6 weeks improved biochemical markers of cobalamin function but did not change hematological cell counts at 4 months.
In a large pharmacoepidemiologic within-person study, folic acid fills associated with fewer suicide attempts, and the negative-control analysis found cyanocobalamin (B12) had no association with suicide attempts.
Large randomized trial of folic acid in hypertensive adults showing baseline higher B12 (and folate) associated with lower first ischemic stroke risk and that folic acid supplementation reduced stroke risk especially in subgroups defined by low B12/folate and MTHFR genotype.
Population-based randomized folic acid trial in women of reproductive age that estimated a plasma folate threshold for NTD prevention; vitamin B12 deficiency substantially modified the plasma–RBC folate relation and the estimated plasma threshold.
Compared quintuply-fortified salt (including iodine) versus iodized salt in nonpregnant reproductive-age women; QFS improved several micronutrient deficiencies versus iodized salt.
In lactating women, daily multiple micronutrient supplement (including vitamin D, DHA, lutein) for ~12 weeks increased milk DHA and raised maternal blood levels of several nutrients including 25-OH-vitamin D; well tolerated.
Mecobalamin (a form of B12) improved foot/ankle function at 3 months and reduced pregabalin use over 12 months, but benefits were not sustained at later follow-ups.
In 100 patients with chronic postthoracotomy pain, pregabalin plus methylcobalamin improved pain and neuropathic symptom scores compared with diclofenac, with minimal side effects.
Ultrahigh‑dose intramuscular methylcobalamin slowed functional decline over 16 weeks in early ALS compared with placebo, with similar adverse event rates.
Adding diclofenac-cholestyramine to nucleotides + hydroxycobalamin for 10 days reduced pain and improved function versus nucleotides + hydroxycobalamin alone.
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled ascending-dose trial showed hydroxocobalamin generally well tolerated but associated with transient BP increases and self-limited discoloration and rash.
In a large 7.3‑year randomized trial (n=3411), garlic increased serum folate and a vitamin+selenium supplement increased glutathione, but neither intervention changed serum vitamin B12 or homocysteine.
In an 8-week RCT, mecobalamin intramuscular injections improved corneal small-fiber measures and autonomic symptom scores more than oral mecobalamin in mild–moderate diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Gabapentin combined with vitamins B1 and B12 reduced neuropathic pain similarly to pregabalin, with some differences in adverse events and sleep improvements.
In older adults, adding B-vitamins to vitamin D plus calcium changed methylation at some aging-related CpG sites and was associated with higher odds of accelerated epigenetic aging after 1 year.
In an open randomized trial, adding neuromultivit (multivitamin containing B vitamins) to standard therapy for L5-S1 vertebrogenic radiculopathy produced greater improvements in pain and disability than basic therapy alone.
Higher urinary Hcy-thiolactone (normalized to creatinine) predicted increased risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in CAD patients; folic acid and B‑vitamin supplementation did not change urinary Hcy-thiolactone.
A multistep strategy including pravastatin, vitamin E and B‑vitamins had no overall effect on plasma ADMA in stage 2–4 CKD; vitamin E alone was associated with a small ADMA decrease.
Oral vitamin B1 plus mecobalamin improved corneal subbasal nerve parameters and several dry eye symptoms over 1–3 months compared with artificial tears alone.
Long-term folic acid–based multivitamin therapy consistently lowered plasma total homocysteine by ~3–4 μmol/L at 6 months across recruitment periods despite rising baseline folate status.
Children given multiple-micronutrient fortified salt (includes iodine) had better blood nutrient markers and improved memory compared with iodized-salt controls.
Daily B-vitamin (folic acid, B6, B12) vs placebo in 8164 patients after stroke/TIA: overall no significant reduction in major vascular events, but subgroup not on antiplatelet therapy showed fewer events; B-vitamins lowered homocysteine.
Measured plasma folate and cobalamin in young children and tracked diarrheal episodes; plasma B12 did not predict diarrhea.
Long-term B-vitamin therapy (including B12 0.5 mg) lowered plasma homocysteine but did not change arterial wall inflammation by FDG-PET.
Adding diclofenac-cholestyramine to nucleotides + hydroxycobalamin for 10 days reduced pain and improved function versus nucleotides + hydroxycobalamin alone.
Large randomized food-based trial: overall no effect on birth weight in intention-to-treat, but per-protocol (supplement ≥90 d preconception) showed +48 g birth weight and reduced low birth weight.
In a crossover feeding study, a traditional Korean diet higher in one‑carbon nutrients (including B12) reduced homocysteine more than the control diet and increased global DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Daily oral multi-nutrient supplements for 6 weeks improved nutrition and reduced non-elective readmissions in older hospitalized patients.
Two years of daily B-vitamin supplementation did not significantly reduce overall progression of ischemic brain lesions versus placebo, but a predefined subgroup with severe small vessel disease showed less white-matter lesion progression.
Six months of B‑vitamin supplementation (including cyanocobalamin/B12) lowered homocysteine and improved patients' general well‑being.
Children with moderate acute malnutrition received food supplements; serum cobalamin rose during 3 months of supplementation but many remained marginal.
In hyperhomocysteinaemic individuals, 3 months of B-vitamin treatment increased plasma cystatin C and cystatin C mRNA in PBMCs compared with placebo.
In a 24-month randomized trial of B vitamins (methylcobalamin + folic acid), cognitive decline was slowed in MCI patients with greater left frontal lobe atrophy; homocysteine was lowered.
In a randomized vitamin B therapy trial in diabetic nephropathy patients, 3D ultrasound vessel wall volume increased over time in one treatment group while IMT showed no between-group differences.
A targeted medical nutrition therapy increased folate (and B6 and B12) levels and substantially reduced serum lipids in hyperlipidemic patients, while plasma homocysteine was unchanged.
Daily microalgae smoothies for 14 days increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 (from Chlorella) but did not prevent seasonal 25(OH)D3 decline; short intervention also modified lipids and fatty acids.
Prophylactic IV hydroxocobalamin in high-risk cardiac surgery patients reduced vasoplegia incidence and vasopressor needs while improving blood pressure and lactate.
Maternal B12 deficiency in pregnancy was linked to higher insulin resistance in school-aged offspring; antenatal micronutrient supplements (including groups that contained zinc) did not significantly alter this outcome.
Fortifying school meals with a multinutrient premix for 8 months improved vitamin A and folate status, increased total body iron, and lessened the decline in vitamin B12 among schoolchildren.
Six months of high-dose B-group multivitamin supplementation increased blood B12 and B6 and lowered homocysteine; brain metabolite concentrations did not change significantly in this small neuroimaging sub-study.
High-dose B-vitamin therapy (including 1 mg B12) in kidney transplant recipients lowered homocysteine and produced modest but significant improvements in processing speed and memory over ~3.3 years.
Olestra intake reduced some fat-soluble nutrient levels but did not affect vitamin B12 absorption or status over 8 weeks in healthy adults.
High-dose B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine (~27.7%) in healthy volunteers but produced no clear changes in clotting activation markers (F1+2, TAT); D-dimer showed a non-significant reduction.
Community study of preschool children found high anaemia prevalence and that vitamin B12 deficiency (alone or with iron) was a notable contributor to anaemia in this population.
Moderately malnourished pregnant women received one of three supplements for 10 weeks; RUSF limited the decline in vitamin B12 and produced the largest vitamin D increase.
In a randomized maternal supplementation trial (>700 women), breastmilk Vitamin B12 concentration was positively associated with attention and executive function; MMN/LNS arms had higher breastmilk B12 than IFA.
Large clinical-trial analysis found weak or no consistent relationships between one‑carbon biomarkers (including vitamin B12) and depression severity or antidepressant response.
In acute ischemic stroke patients, short-term B‑group vitamin supplementation (including B12) was associated with reduced oxidative damage and inflammation markers compared with no supplementation.
Across cross-sectional and short intervention studies, folate status correlated with chromosome stability but short-term supplementation (including a folate+B12+B6 arm) did not change micronucleus frequency or cell proliferation.
Daily B-vitamin pill did not change overall cancer rates in people after stroke/TIA; diabetics had more and non-diabetics had fewer cancers with treatment in a post-hoc analysis.
Daily vitamin B-complex for 12 weeks lowered homocysteine and improved blood sugar and kidney markers in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria.
Among the first 127 participants in a micronutrient RCT, vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was common and treatment adherence to the capsule regimen was high (~88%).
Women evaluated taste/acceptability of salt fortified with iodine and other micronutrients; QFS was well accepted.
Cross-sectional analysis in older Dutch adults linking vitamin B12 intake from different food sources to serum B12 and related biomarkers.
Post hoc analysis of a CKD substudy evaluating whether baseline B12 status modifies the effect of folic acid treatment on CKD progression.
12-month randomized community trial: low-dose oral B12 (2 or 10 µg/day) significantly lowered plasma homocysteine compared to placebo; folic acid 200 µg/day also reduced homocysteine.
Prospective cohort of male smokers: higher dietary folate (but not vitamin B12) intake was associated with lower risk of cerebral infarction; B12 intake showed no significant association with stroke subtypes.
Two years of B-vitamin supplementation (including 500 μg B12) in elderly with elevated homocysteine lowered homocysteine but did not change arterial stiffness (PWV) or carotid IMT.
In elderly people with low B12, whey protein isolate for 8 weeks increased active B12 and serum folate and prevented rises in MMA, homocysteine and genome instability seen with soy protein.
In elderly people with low B12, whey protein isolate for 8 weeks increased active B12 and serum folate and prevented rises in MMA, homocysteine and genome instability seen with soy protein.
Vitamin B12 intervention did not change plasma TMAO or related choline metabolites in vegetarians.
B-vitamin treatment (including B12) lowered homocysteine and slowed some cognitive decline, especially in those with high baseline homocysteine.
Large randomized trial found a modestly greater homocysteine reduction with high-dose B-vitamins but no effect on recurrent stroke, coronary events, or death over 2 years.
Randomized trial (VITACOG) in MCI patients: daily B-vitamin supplement (folic acid 0.8 mg, B12 0.5 mg, B6 20 mg) for ~2 years lowered homocysteine and prevented declines in several cognitive measures compared with placebo.
In patients with prior TIA/stroke, B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not change measured blood markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, or hypercoagulability at 6 months.
In older adults, B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change plasma long-chain n-3 PUFA proportions after 2 years.
In metabolic syndrome patients, combined folate and B12 therapy lowered homocysteine and improved insulin resistance and several measures of endothelial function over 1 month of B-vitamin treatment.
In elderly subjects, a 12-week supplement containing folic acid and cobalamin improved B-vitamin status and lowered homocysteine, with greater effect in those with higher baseline Hcy.
A prepared meal plan fortified with micronutrients (including recommended B12) for 10 weeks raised folate and vitamin B12 and reduced serum total homocysteine in high‑risk adults.
16-week multivitamin (including B12) raised blood B12 and B6 and produced beneficial changes in homocysteine, CRP and some lipid/oxidative stress markers, but did not improve cognitive test performance in healthy 55–65 y olds.
In haemodialysis patients receiving high‑dose folic acid, adding methylcobalamin (intravenous) produced large reductions in fasting total homocysteine (normalization in combined methylcobalamin groups).
In chronic hemodialysis patients given folic acid and B vitamins for 3 months, homocysteine and hsCRP fell significantly in non-diabetic patients but not in diabetic patients.
In recent ischemic stroke patients, one year of folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 lowered mean plasma homocysteine by 3.8 μmol/L compared with placebo, and MTHFR variants did not modify this benefit.
In a controlled feeding RCT (n=118), a combination diet (fruits, vegetables, low‑fat dairy, reduced fat) modestly lowered fasting homocysteine compared with a control diet; changes in serum vitamin B12 were not associated with homocysteine change.
An 8-week multivitamin/mineral supplement raised B-vitamin levels (including B12) and lowered homocysteine in older adults.
In elderly with cobalamin deficiency, high-dose oral cyanocobalamin lowered SAH, MMA, and homocysteine.
Elderly participants took folic acid or a B-complex (including B12) for ~23 days; B-complex led to lower unmetabolized folic acid than folic acid alone and both raised methylfolate.
Large double-blind randomized trial of B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) after stroke/TIA found it was safe and produced a small, borderline reduction in major vascular events (not clearly clinically significant).
In healthy adults, 6-week supplementation with natural or synthetic B-complex raised blood B-vitamin levels; natural B-complex showed a decrease in homocysteine and larger increases in antioxidant capacity in this small pilot.
Folate plus B12 supplementation for 8 weeks improved coronary flow reserve and reduced homocysteine in elderly B12-deficient patients.
Folate plus B12 supplementation for 8 weeks improved coronary flow reserve and reduced homocysteine in elderly B12-deficient patients.
Observational analysis in fluoxetine-resistant MDD patients: baseline low folate predicted poor response, whereas low serum vitamin B12 did not predict treatment outcome.
In two cohorts, maternal and infant blood B12 concentrations correlated; milk B12 correlated with infant B12 in Canada but not in Cambodia, and most mothers and infants had adequate B12 status.
Daily 500 μg cobalamin given sublingually or orally for 4 weeks similarly corrected low serum B12 concentrations.
Twenty-four weeks of high-dose oral B12 (with or without folic acid) corrected biochemical deficiency but did not improve cognitive function.
In stroke patients given high- or low-dose B-vitamin formulations (including B12) for 2 years, homocysteine fell but plasma Abeta and cognition did not change between groups.
Substudy of a large RCT in advanced CKD/ESRD testing high-dose B vitamins (including 2 mg B12) vs placebo: vitamins lowered homocysteine but did not improve cognitive outcomes.
In MI survivors, folic acid plus B12 lowered homocysteine but did not reduce major vascular events, stroke, or mortality over ~6.7 years.
Double-blind intraindividual RCT in children showed topical vitamin B12 improved eczema significantly more than placebo at 2 and 4 weeks.
Clinical study in cataract surgery patients: dry eye patients randomized to hyaluronic acid 0.15% plus vitamin B12 eye drops versus no treatment; treatment reduced oxidative stress markers and improved dry-eye clinical scores.
In patients with advanced CKD/ESRD, high-dose folic acid plus B vitamins including cyanocobalamin (B12) lowered homocysteine but did not reduce mortality or major vascular events over ~3.2 years.
4110 kidney transplant recipients randomized to high- vs low-dose folic acid/B6/B12: homocysteine was reduced but there was no reduction in composite cardiovascular outcomes over ~4 years.
Large prospective cohort showing calcium channel blocker (CCB) use was associated with higher long-term all-cause and CVD mortality; associations were attenuated in patients receiving B-vitamin treatment.
Four-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in elderly people showing B-vitamin supplementation lowers markers of B12/folate deficiency.
Large randomized trial protocol in high-risk adults testing folic acid + vitamins B6 and B12 versus placebo with cardiovascular events as the primary outcome.
Eight-week randomized controlled trial of an antioxidant mix (including vitamin B12) in older adults showing improved executive function and reduced oxidative stress markers versus placebo.
Methylcobalamin (vitamin B12 form) shortened time to full facial recovery and improved facial nerve scores compared with steroid alone.
Long-term low-dose B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) had no effect on depressive symptoms in cardiovascular disease survivors.
In newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, 6 weeks of metformin decreased vitamin B12 and folate and increased homocysteine; rosiglitazone decreased homocysteine and did not change B12 or folate.
Adjunctive B-vitamin supplementation did not change 12-week antidepressant remission but improved sustained response over 52 weeks and reduced relapse risk.
In 22 mild atopic dermatitis patients using a within-person design, a topical vitamin B12 cream produced a larger reduction in SCORAD than a standard emollient.
Stable CAD patients randomized to folic acid plus vitamin B12 showed increased basal and adenosine-induced coronary blood flow after 24 months versus placebo.
One-year RCT in older adults with MCI: vitamin B (with folate and B6) did not improve cognition.
Multicenter double-blind RCT after coronary stenting: folate/B6/B12 therapy increased angiographic restenosis and repeat revascularization compared with placebo.
Cross-sectional study of older adults comparing low vs normal B12: no central motor conduction differences, but peripheral motor conduction delay in lower limbs with low B12.
Large randomized double-blind trial of folic acid + B6 + B12 vs placebo over ~7.3 years showed reduced incidence of AMD and visually significant AMD in the treatment group.
Folic acid/vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not improve angiographic measures and was associated in post hoc analysis with increased odds of rapid progression.
In Danish lactating mothers, supplemental oral B12 (variable doses) did not change serum B12 or binding proteins over 9 months.
Topical vitamin B12 ointment applied twice daily to one hemi‑body significantly reduced psoriasis severity (PASI) and itching versus control emollient.
Adding oral vitamin B12 to standard peg‑interferon plus ribavirin increased early and sustained virological response rates in treatment‑naïve chronic HCV patients.
In elderly people, combined cobalamin (B12) plus folic acid lowered homocysteine and raised betaine, but overall cognitive performance did not improve.
Baseline plasma betaine strongly predicted the post-methionine-load rise in homocysteine; B-vitamin supplementation weakened this relation.
Baseline plasma betaine strongly predicted the post-methionine-load rise in homocysteine; B-vitamin supplementation weakened this relation.
Vitamin B12 injections reduced pain, paresthesia and tingling more than nortriptyline in people with painful diabetic neuropathy.
Holotranscobalamin (holoTC) performed well as a diagnostic marker for early B12 deficiency; a randomized subset received B12 or placebo but primary focus was test evaluation.
In hemodialysis patients, weekly IV vitamin B12 reduced homocysteine substantially and was similarly effective as low-dose folinic acid; combining both gave the largest decrease.
In patients with prior TIA/stroke, B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not change measured blood markers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, or hypercoagulability at 6 months.
In elderly subjects, a 12-week supplement containing folic acid and cobalamin improved B-vitamin status and lowered homocysteine, with greater effect in those with higher baseline Hcy.
Three-arm randomized trial (drink powder with betaine + B‑vitamins, UNIMMAP multivitamin, control) in 298 women; both supplements substantially lowered plasma homocysteine versus control, drink powder > UNIMMAP.
Two-year randomized trial in older adults (subgroup with baseline homocysteine >15 μmol/L n=135) showing B‑vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change bone turnover biomarkers.
After coronary angioplasty, patients given folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 had lower homocysteine and less restenosis and revascularization vs placebo.
In nursing-home residents, adding oat-bran reduced laxative use and was associated with slower decline in plasma B12 compared with control; homocysteine fell in both groups.
In unstable angina patients with high homocysteine, folic acid supplementation markedly lowered homocysteine and improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation over 8 weeks.
A 12-week randomized double-blind trial found benfotiamine plus B6/B12 improved peroneal nerve conduction in diabetic polyneuropathy with trends in vibration sense.
Intramuscular methylcobalamin given three times weekly for two weeks improved pain and disability at two months versus placebo in chronic nonspecific low back pain.
Six-month lifestyle modification program with structured nutrition counseling increased intake of multiple micronutrients including vitamin B12 and improved glycemic indices in adults with prediabetes.
Cluster-RCT assessing dietary intakes over 12 months in children given LNS (contains multiple micronutrients) vs control; dietary recalls used.
In a small randomized subsample, an 8-week whole-food plant-based diet reduced weight, HbA1c and several cardiometabolic risk factors but decreased intake of some micronutrients including vitamin D and calcium.
In patients with oculomotor nerve palsy after PcomA embolization, adding mecobalamin to embolization was associated with higher complete recovery rates at one year compared with embolization alone.
A 12-week double-blind crossover trial of injectable methyl B12 in children with autism found no significant group-level behavioral or glutathione changes, though a subgroup (~30%) showed clinical improvement with increased glutathione.
Type 2 diabetes patients randomized to folic acid, methylcobalamin, both, or control for 12 weeks: methylcobalamin (and combinations) reduced plasma homocysteine and increased HTase/PON activity, with the greatest homocysteine reduction seen with methylcobalamin alone.
In haemodialysis patients receiving high‑dose folic acid, adding methylcobalamin (intravenous) produced large reductions in fasting total homocysteine (normalization in combined methylcobalamin groups).
In stable CAD patients, B-vitamin regimens (including B12) lowered homocysteine but did not change inflammatory markers after 6 months.
In 40 diabetic neuropathy patients, both methylcobalamin and alpha-lipoic acid reduced neuropathy symptoms over 2 weeks; ALA improved antioxidant markers while methylcobalamin improved some sensory deficits.
Women given folic-acid-containing multi-micronutrients (including zinc) for 12 weeks had lower average depressive symptoms and lower depression prevalence; no difference between weekly vs daily dosing and no baseline association between zinc and depression.
In 50 hemodialysis patients with high homocysteine, regimens including monthly B12 injections plus folic acid and B6 significantly lowered plasma homocysteine; high and low B-vitamin dose regimens had similar efficacy.
Undernourished Kenyan schoolchildren ate a daily school meal with meat, milk, or energy for one year; meat and milk raised B12 status.
Case-control study measuring one-carbon metabolites in recurrent MDD found no clear association of vitamin B12 with MDD, though homocysteine was higher and vitamin B6 lower during depressive episodes.
Adding cobalamin to iron and folic acid in children produced a greater hemoglobin increase compared with iron and folic acid alone.
Mecobalamin treatment improved neuropathic symptoms and some nerve function measures in diabetic patients versus control vitamin B12 regimen.
Healthy volunteers received B‑vitamins for 1 week before testing pain; no detectable effect of B‑vitamins on analgesia was found.
Older adults with low cobalamin received IM cyanocobalamin or no treatment; cognitive results were mixed with no clear consistent benefit.
Randomized dietary intervention in healthy young men comparing usual vs high-protein meat diet and measuring platelet proteome, cognitive function, and methylation-cycle components including vitamin B12.
Randomized dietary intervention in healthy young men comparing usual vs high-protein meat diet and measuring platelet proteome, cognitive function, and methylation-cycle components including vitamin B12.
Multicentre double-blind randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial testing oral methylcobalamin versus placebo to prevent grade ≥2 capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome in women with HER2-negative early breast cancer.
Multicentre double-blind randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial testing oral methylcobalamin versus placebo to prevent grade ≥2 capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome in women with HER2-negative early breast cancer.
Ultrahigh-dose methylcobalamin increased compound muscle action potential amplitudes in ALS patients at 4 weeks; low-dose showed no change.
Intravenous cobalamin with folate and B6 markedly raised serum B12 and reduced serum homocysteine when given two or three times weekly in hemodialysis patients.
Inhalation of a vitamin B12 mixed solution improved symptoms of acute radiation-induced mucosal injury and facilitated uninterrupted radiotherapy compared with gentamycin inhalation.
Randomized trial comparing mecobalamin (1,500 µg/day) versus no mecobalamin after nerve-sparing prostatectomy; no significant improvement in urinary or sexual function, with a non-significant early urinary recovery trend.
Ancillary analysis of a large randomized trial (n=1748) found no overall cognitive benefit after 4 years of B-vitamin (including B12) and/or omega-3 supplementation; a subgroup with prior stroke showed reduced odds of decline in temporal orientation (OR 0.43).
An ultra-short preoperative combination (IV iron, erythropoietin, subcutaneous B12, oral folic acid) reduced perioperative transfusions and raised early haemoglobin and reticulocyte markers.
Large randomized trial of folic acid in hypertensive adults showing baseline higher B12 (and folate) associated with lower first ischemic stroke risk and that folic acid supplementation reduced stroke risk especially in subgroups defined by low B12/folate and MTHFR genotype.
Population-based randomized folic acid trial in women of reproductive age that estimated a plasma folate threshold for NTD prevention; vitamin B12 deficiency substantially modified the plasma–RBC folate relation and the estimated plasma threshold.
Cross-sectional analysis in older adults (n=567) found no association between B‑vitamin biomarkers (including B12) or a genetic hyperhomocysteinemia score and arterial stiffness (PWV); observed a homocysteine–gene interaction.
Randomized trial found that local methylcobalamin plus lidocaine injections (especially if given 4–7 days after rash onset) reduced pain faster and improved quality of life in acute herpetic neuralgia versus control regimens.
Local methylcobalamin plus lidocaine injections shortened healing times, produced large and sustained pain reductions, and reduced postherpetic neuralgia incidence in acute ophthalmic herpetic neuralgia.
Multicenter double-blind RCT showed methylcobalamin (MC) was effective in improving neuropathic symptom and disability scores and neurophysiological parameters in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and was non-inferior to acetyl-L-carnitine.
Single-center RCT found local methylcobalamin injections reduced pain and improved quality of life in subacute herpetic neuralgia versus oral or lidocaine comparators.
Randomized trial in 90 postherpetic neuralgia patients showing TENS plus local cobalamin injections reduced pain and improved activities of daily living and quality of life.
Randomized study adding mecobalamin to standard care in ischemic stroke patients with H-type hypertension and measuring homocysteine, inflammation, plaques and function over 6 months.
In a 3-month open-label randomized study in hemodialysis patients, folic acid plus B-complex lowered homocysteine and CRP and increased albumin and vitamin B12.
Randomized trial of a 16-week combined training exercise program in PLHIV assessing homocysteine and oxidative stress markers; vitamin levels were measured but not supplemented.
In older women with CVD/risk factors, combined B-vitamin supplementation did not change cognitive decline overall; possible benefit in those with low dietary B-vitamin intake.
In hemodialysis patients, adding methylcobalamin to folate normalized homocysteine more often and reduced ADMA and arterial stiffness more than folate alone over 3 weeks.
In PCI patients, baseline ADMA and TML were independently associated with angiographic CAD progression; moderate-dose folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not change median ADMA or TML.
Gabapentin combined with vitamins B1 and B12 reduced neuropathic pain similarly to pregabalin, with some differences in adverse events and sleep improvements.
In older adults, adding B-vitamins to vitamin D plus calcium changed methylation at some aging-related CpG sites and was associated with higher odds of accelerated epigenetic aging after 1 year.
In an open randomized trial, adding neuromultivit (multivitamin containing B vitamins) to standard therapy for L5-S1 vertebrogenic radiculopathy produced greater improvements in pain and disability than basic therapy alone.
Higher urinary Hcy-thiolactone (normalized to creatinine) predicted increased risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in CAD patients; folic acid and B‑vitamin supplementation did not change urinary Hcy-thiolactone.
A multistep strategy including pravastatin, vitamin E and B‑vitamins had no overall effect on plasma ADMA in stage 2–4 CKD; vitamin E alone was associated with a small ADMA decrease.
Oral vitamin B1 plus mecobalamin improved corneal subbasal nerve parameters and several dry eye symptoms over 1–3 months compared with artificial tears alone.
Long-term folic acid–based multivitamin therapy consistently lowered plasma total homocysteine by ~3–4 μmol/L at 6 months across recruitment periods despite rising baseline folate status.
Fortifying school meals with a multinutrient premix for 8 months improved vitamin A and folate status, increased total body iron, and lessened the decline in vitamin B12 among schoolchildren.
Children given multiple-micronutrient fortified salt (includes iodine) had better blood nutrient markers and improved memory compared with iodized-salt controls.
Long-term B-vitamin therapy (including B12 0.5 mg) lowered plasma homocysteine but did not change arterial wall inflammation by FDG-PET.
Adding diclofenac-cholestyramine to nucleotides + hydroxycobalamin for 10 days reduced pain and improved function versus nucleotides + hydroxycobalamin alone.
In adults with overweight/obesity, two high-protein meal-replacement programs (with or without alternate day fasting) produced similar ~11% weight loss and improved metabolic markers; vitamin D levels decreased modestly in both groups by week 16.
Cross‑sectional comparison found vegans had lower plasma vitamin B12 and higher prevalence of elevated homocysteine compared with omnivores and vegetarians.
In a crossover feeding study, a traditional Korean diet higher in one‑carbon nutrients (including B12) reduced homocysteine more than the control diet and increased global DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Daily oral multi-nutrient supplements for 6 weeks improved nutrition and reduced non-elective readmissions in older hospitalized patients.
A two-month adjunctive multi-vitamin supplement reduced gingival inflammation and probing depths in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with placebo.
Women with PCOS on metformin experienced a decrease in serum cobalamin after six months, but other functional markers (holoTC, MMA) did not indicate deficiency.
A single bolus maternal lipid-based nutrient supplement increased milk cobalamin concentration and infant cobalamin intake over 8 hours compared with control.
Children with moderate acute malnutrition received food supplements; serum cobalamin rose during 3 months of supplementation but many remained marginal.
A 6-month RCT of a multivitamin/trace element formula increased cobalamin and other vitamins and reduced homocysteine in healthy volunteers.
A 6-month RCT of a multivitamin/trace element formula increased cobalamin and other vitamins and reduced homocysteine in healthy volunteers.
In hyperhomocysteinaemic individuals, 3 months of B-vitamin treatment increased plasma cystatin C and cystatin C mRNA in PBMCs compared with placebo.
Identical twins randomized to vegan vs omnivorous diets for 8 weeks; vegans had lower LDL, insulin and weight; serum B12 fell numerically but was not significantly different.
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled ascending-dose trial showed hydroxocobalamin generally well tolerated but associated with transient BP increases and self-limited discoloration and rash.
Cross-sectional baseline data in early pregnancy showed high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and that anemia was associated with B12 deficiency rather than iron deficiency.
Randomized trial comparing GUMLi formula vs cows' milk in toddlers; reports nutrient intake differences including higher vitamin D intake in the GUMLi group.
6-week RCT in healthy men replacing most red/processed meat with legumes; studied nutrient intakes and biomarkers including iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion.
Overweight adults ate one of three diets for 6 months; vitamin B12 intake was lower on the high-simple carbohydrate diet but still met recommendations.
Increasing milk intake in older adults raised vitamin B12 intake and eliminated B12 inadequacy in women over 12 weeks.
RCT (n=70 allocated, 68 completed) of tailored progressive dietary advice plus new complete dentures vs standard care in edentulous elders, assessing nutritional status (MNA) and nutrient intake at 3 months.
Twelve weeks of a nutrient-dense drink (contains 250 mg calcium/serving) increased energy and micronutrient intake and improved body weight and some muscle mass in older outpatients at risk of malnutrition.
Provision of one egg daily to infants increased several nutrient intakes—including vitamin B12—and reduced B12 inadequacy compared with controls, though many micronutrient gaps remained.
Randomized 22-week trial in people with type 2 diabetes comparing a low-fat vegan diet vs ADA diet; both groups reported decreased vitamin D intake and the vegan group improved overall diet quality.
A 4-week low FODMAP diet delivered by a dietitian altered some nutrient intakes in IBS patients, including higher reported vitamin B12 intake.
Pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial in cancer patients found no significant effect of a B-group vitamin on clinician-assessed neuropathy score, but patients reported less sensory neuropathy on patient questionnaires.
Women evaluated taste/acceptability of salt fortified with iodine and other micronutrients; QFS was well accepted.
Cross-sectional analysis in older Dutch adults linking vitamin B12 intake from different food sources to serum B12 and related biomarkers.
Post hoc analysis of a CKD substudy evaluating whether baseline B12 status modifies the effect of folic acid treatment on CKD progression.
Secondary analysis of the OPEN RCT intervention arm testing whether baseline or change in B12 status modified neurological response to B12 supplementation in older adults.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial in adults with elevated MMA testing whether B12 treatment improved cognitive scores or depression over 3 months.
A multivitamin containing B12 improved depressive symptoms but did not change anxiety in men receiving methadone maintenance.
In acute ischemic stroke patients, short-term B‑group vitamin supplementation (including B12) was associated with reduced oxidative damage and inflammation markers compared with no supplementation.
In a 2-year randomized trial subsample, daily vitamin B12 (500 µg) plus folic acid did not change endothelial or inflammation biomarkers versus placebo in elderly with high homocysteine.
Secondary analysis of intervention datasets: folic acid + vitamin B12 supplementation altered global DNA methylation patterns and reduced epigenetic age in a genotype- and sex-dependent manner (notably in women with MTHFR 677CC).
An RCT of RYGB patients found that an optimized multivitamin (WLS Forte) produced fewer iron and B12 deficiencies versus standard MVS; both groups received substantial vitamin D (total ~1200 IU/day) with similar 25-OHD levels at 12 months.
In obese adults on a weight-loss diet, synbiotic tablets increased vitamin D and B12 levels but both groups lost similar weight.
In healthy older adults, adding probiotic VSL#3 to a personalized anti-inflammatory diet for 8 weeks increased plasma vitamin B12 and folate and decreased homocysteine compared with diet alone.
Daily low-dose B vitamins (including B12) for 12 months reduced Framingham risk score and increased HDL, with effects reversing after stopping.
A 24‑week RCT of fortified milk (providing ~1008 mg Ca/day) plus exercise improved vitamin B‑12 and 25(OH)D levels and reduced bone turnover markers versus control.
Ancillary analysis of a large RCT of low-dose B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) in CVD survivors found no overall QOL benefit and a small worsening in emotional role limitations.
Cross-sectional study of lactating Kenyan women found low breast milk B12 concentrations in most women and no association with reported household hunger or recent animal-source food or B12 intake.
Measured multiple vitamins in breast milk including B12 and found that most vitamins (except thiamin after fortification) were low relative to infant Adequate Intakes, implying low milk B12 concentrations for many mothers.
One-year daily 1 mg oral B12 in older adults raised blood B12 but did not improve nerve conduction or cognitive tests.
Two-year treatment with folate plus mecobalamin (vitamin B12) lowered homocysteine and substantially reduced hip fracture incidence in elderly post-stroke patients.
In 8,164 patients with recent stroke or TIA randomized to daily B-vitamins (including B12) versus placebo, B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not significantly change the incidence of osteoporotic fractures over ~3.4 years.
Fortified rice increased plasma vitamin B12, lowered homocysteine, and improved physical performance in school children after 6 months.
Undernourished Kenyan schoolchildren ate a daily school meal with meat, milk, or energy for one year; meat and milk raised B12 status.
Fortified rice increased plasma vitamin B12, lowered homocysteine, and improved physical performance in school children after 6 months.
In older adults doing resistance exercise, adding low-dose dairy protein plus micronutrients (including 200 IU vitamin D/day) increased muscle mass but did not further improve physical performance.
In pregnant women with low B12, combined B12 plus protein-energy supplementation tended to increase homocysteine remethylation rates in late pregnancy.
Two-year daily folic acid + vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not improve cognitive domain scores; very small difference in global cognition possibly by chance.
Randomized trial (VITACOG) in MCI patients: daily B-vitamin supplement (folic acid 0.8 mg, B12 0.5 mg, B6 20 mg) for ~2 years lowered homocysteine and prevented declines in several cognitive measures compared with placebo.
Clinical study in cataract surgery patients: dry eye patients randomized to hyaluronic acid 0.15% plus vitamin B12 eye drops versus no treatment; treatment reduced oxidative stress markers and improved dry-eye clinical scores.
In people with mild–moderate Alzheimer's on cholinesterase inhibitors, add-on multivitamin including mecobalamin (B12) for 26 weeks lowered homocysteine but produced no cognitive or ADL benefit.
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial in elderly people showed dose-dependent biomarker improvements with B12 supplements, but even 500 μg/day for 8 weeks left a minority with persistent metabolic abnormalities.
Single-center randomized trial of local injections for herpetic itching found injected cobalamin (B12) significantly relieved pain and improved daily activities and quality of life compared with controls.
Premenopausal Indian women taking a multi-micronutrient, protein-rich supplement containing calcium had improved bone turnover markers and some micronutrient status after 6 months.
In people with biochemical signs of B12 deficiency, B12 injections produced improvement in one SF-36 domain (general health) but no change in seven other quality-of-life dimensions.
Elderly people with food-bound B12 malabsorption given very low oral B12 doses for 30 days showed dose-related increases in serum B12.
A single intramuscular hydroxycobalamin injection in infants with biochemical B12 impairment rapidly corrected biomarkers and improved motor scores and regurgitation.
One-year RCT in older adults with MCI: vitamin B (with folate and B6) did not improve cognition.
Randomized study in stable vitiligo patients: narrowband UVB effective; adding B12+folic acid provided no additional benefit.
Cross-sectional study of older adults comparing low vs normal B12: no central motor conduction differences, but peripheral motor conduction delay in lower limbs with low B12.
Older adults received folic acid + vitamin B12 or placebo (factorial RCT); folic acid + B12 did not reduce depressive symptoms over follow-up.
Community older adults received folic acid+B12 or placebo; supplementation did not clearly enhance antidepressant effects on depressive symptoms.
In this pilot randomized trial, adding folic acid/vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine while simvastatin reduced LDL, and there was no antagonistic interaction.
6-week RCT in healthy men replacing most red/processed meat with legumes; studied nutrient intakes and biomarkers including iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion.
A targeted medical nutrition therapy increased folate (and B6 and B12) levels and substantially reduced serum lipids in hyperlipidemic patients, while plasma homocysteine was unchanged.
Identical twins randomized to vegan vs omnivorous diets for 8 weeks; vegans had lower LDL, insulin and weight; serum B12 fell numerically but was not significantly different.
Adding oral vitamin B12 to standard peg‑interferon plus ribavirin increased early and sustained virological response rates in treatment‑naïve chronic HCV patients.
In hemodialysis patients, consecutive folic acid and vitamin B12 treatments lowered homocysteine; the decrease depended on MTHFR genotype and was larger when starting with folic acid.
Patients given folic acid plus B12 had lower homocysteine, improved coagulation parameters and much lower DVT recurrence than untreated patients.
Three months of folic acid plus small doses of B-vitamins including B12 improved folate and lowered homocysteine in children but did not change cognitive test scores.
In unstable angina patients with high homocysteine, folic acid supplementation markedly lowered homocysteine and improved brachial artery flow-mediated dilation over 8 weeks.
Daily multivitamin supplementation for 8 weeks increased vitamin B12 and folate levels, lowered homocysteine, and improved contextual recognition memory in older men.
In metabolic syndrome patients, combined folate and B12 therapy lowered homocysteine and improved insulin resistance and several measures of endothelial function over 1 month of B-vitamin treatment.
In depressed patients, adding folic acid to fluoxetine reduced homocysteine and improved depression scores, while vitamin B12 levels did not change.
A multi-nutrient formulation including vitamin B12 produced short-term improvements in some cognitive test scores vs placebo in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Folate plus vitamin B12 given with pemetrexed was associated with a tolerable safety profile in Japanese patients and allowed an increased MTD and recommended dose compared with historic non‑supplemented data.
A 12-week randomized double-blind trial found benfotiamine plus B6/B12 improved peroneal nerve conduction in diabetic polyneuropathy with trends in vibration sense.
In a randomized double-blind crossover pilot, both natural and synthetic B-complex supplements raised serum B vitamins (including B12) and reduced homocysteine and some metabolic markers.
Randomized trial in aged care residents: a daily multivitamin raised serum 25(OH)D and improved a heel ultrasound bone measure, with a trend to fewer falls.
Lower blood B12 levels were associated with higher self-reported and clinically rated depression and anxiety.
Schizophrenic patients with high homocysteine received B vitamins and showed lower homocysteine and better clinical and cognitive scores versus placebo.
Diabetic neuropathy patients receiving electroacupuncture plus methylcobalamin injection had better nerve conduction and symptom scores than those receiving methylcobalamin injection alone.
Benfotiamine (alone or with B6 and B12) improved vibration perception, motor function and overall neuropathy symptoms in patients with alcoholic polyneuropathy over 8 weeks.
In recent ischemic stroke patients, one year of folic acid, vitamin B12 and B6 lowered mean plasma homocysteine by 3.8 μmol/L compared with placebo, and MTHFR variants did not modify this benefit.
Among elderly Chileans exposed to folic acid fortification, high serum folate was associated with increased DNA methylation in specific CpG sites of p16, MLH1 and MGMT, while low vitamin B12 showed no significant association with methylation.
Hospitalised older patients given a daily oral nutritional supplement (including vitamins) had improved depressive symptoms at 6 months but no cognitive change.
Dietary advice improved depressive symptoms but did not increase serum vitamin B12 after six months, likely due to poor adherence.
Adding mecobalamin to glutathione during FOLFOX4 chemo reduced nerve toxicity compared with glutathione alone.
In kidney transplant patients with high homocysteine, folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine and suggested improved blood vessel function.
In older adults with CKD, daily B-vitamin therapy including vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not reduce cardiovascular events and was associated with increased hospitalizations for some cardiac conditions.
In lumbar spinal stenosis patients, methylcobalamin plus standard care did not change pain or neurologic signs but improved walking distance for neurogenic claudication.
Healthy volunteers received B‑vitamins for 1 week before testing pain; no detectable effect of B‑vitamins on analgesia was found.
Cross-sectional study measuring homocysteine metabolism markers and carotid intima-media thickness in people with and without type 2 diabetes.
Randomized controlled study of low- vs high-dose hormone therapy versus control in postmenopausal women assessing fasting and post-methionine homocysteine and B-vitamin levels.
In older adults, a daily B-vitamin supplement (folate, B12, B6) lowered plasma total homocysteine but did not change plasma AdoHcy or AdoMet after 2 years.
Acupoint injection of 2000 µg VitB12 showed higher response rates and greater pain reduction than oral carbamazepine for trigeminal neuralgia in this randomized trial.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial (n=73) of a 10-ingredient tablet including vitamin B12; active group had marked reduction in neuropathic pain and improvements in some nerve-function measures and vitamin B12 levels.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial (n=73) of a 10-ingredient tablet including vitamin B12; active group had marked reduction in neuropathic pain and improvements in some nerve-function measures and vitamin B12 levels.
Randomized trial in infants (n=107) giving 400 μg cobalamin at 6 weeks improved biochemical markers of cobalamin function but did not change hematological cell counts at 4 months.
Injecting mecobalamin at the Zusanli acupoint improved nerve imaging markers and symptoms modestly compared with intramuscular injection over 14 days.
Daily supervised iron+folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for 90 days increased hemoglobin and corrected deficiencies, but adding B12 did not improve hemoglobin.
After RYGB surgery, use of an optimized multivitamin (WLS Forte) resulted in fewer vitamin B12, ferritin and anemia deficiencies than a standard multivitamin over 3 years.
Compared quintuply-fortified salt (including iodine) versus iodized salt in nonpregnant reproductive-age women; QFS improved several micronutrient deficiencies versus iodized salt.
In lactating women, daily multiple micronutrient supplement (including vitamin D, DHA, lutein) for ~12 weeks increased milk DHA and raised maternal blood levels of several nutrients including 25-OH-vitamin D; well tolerated.
Mecobalamin (a form of B12) improved foot/ankle function at 3 months and reduced pregabalin use over 12 months, but benefits were not sustained at later follow-ups.
Antioxidant vitamins, with or without B-group vitamins (including B12), improved antioxidant capacity, lowered oxidative damage markers and reduced CRP after acute ischemic stroke; B vitamins reduced homocysteine.
Three months of daily micronutrient packs increased vitamin D and other micronutrient levels and improved antioxidant markers in older institutionalized adults.
46 bariatric surgery patients randomized to probiotics or placebo: at 4 months probiotics improved LBP, TNF-α, vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 and weight loss versus placebo, but most effects did not persist at 13 months except reduced MDA.
In 100 patients with chronic postthoracotomy pain, pregabalin plus methylcobalamin improved pain and neuropathic symptom scores compared with diclofenac, with minimal side effects.
In 90 patients with suspected coronary disease, folic acid plus vitamin B12 rapidly and substantially lowered basal and postload homocysteine; vitamin B6 mainly lowered cystathionine.
In 163 infants, one egg/day for 6 months increased plasma choline and DHA biomarkers and had no effect on plasma vitamin B12 concentrations.
Small randomized trial where high-dose IV methylcobalamin added to bortezomib therapy reduced the incidence of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy compared with control.
6-month randomized trial in patients with prior colorectal adenomas comparing folic acid + vitamin B12 vs placebo; biomarkers in rectal DNA were measured.
120 women with type 2 diabetes on a low-calorie diet were given a multivitamin-mineral complex for 3 weeks; those receiving the complex showed greater improvements in some micronutrient levels and glycemia.
6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of daily B-vitamin supplementation (B6, B9, B12) in women with migraine with aura, assessing homocysteine and migraine outcomes and genotype effects.
Local methylcobalamin plus lidocaine injections shortened healing times, produced large and sustained pain reductions, and reduced postherpetic neuralgia incidence in acute ophthalmic herpetic neuralgia.
In an 8-week RCT, mecobalamin intramuscular injections improved corneal small-fiber measures and autonomic symptom scores more than oral mecobalamin in mild–moderate diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
In healthy volunteers, high-dose intravenous hydroxocobalamin caused a short-lived rise in blood pressure that paralleled plasma cobalamin exposure.
Local injection of methylcobalamin plus lidocaine provided greater pain relief and reduced analgesic use compared with systemic methylcobalamin in subacute ophthalmic herpetic neuralgia.
In older adults, adding B-vitamins to vitamin D plus calcium changed methylation at some aging-related CpG sites and was associated with higher odds of accelerated epigenetic aging after 1 year.
Higher urinary Hcy-thiolactone (normalized to creatinine) predicted increased risk of incident acute myocardial infarction in CAD patients; folic acid and B‑vitamin supplementation did not change urinary Hcy-thiolactone.
A multistep strategy including pravastatin, vitamin E and B‑vitamins had no overall effect on plasma ADMA in stage 2–4 CKD; vitamin E alone was associated with a small ADMA decrease.
Oral vitamin B1 plus mecobalamin improved corneal subbasal nerve parameters and several dry eye symptoms over 1–3 months compared with artificial tears alone.
Children given multiple-micronutrient fortified salt (includes iodine) had better blood nutrient markers and improved memory compared with iodized-salt controls.
Daily B-vitamin (folic acid, B6, B12) vs placebo in 8164 patients after stroke/TIA: overall no significant reduction in major vascular events, but subgroup not on antiplatelet therapy showed fewer events; B-vitamins lowered homocysteine.
Measured plasma folate and cobalamin in young children and tracked diarrheal episodes; plasma B12 did not predict diarrhea.
Methylcobalamin plus folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not reduce global cognitive decline over 24 months; a subgroup with high baseline homocysteine had less decline in one cognitive domain.
Large randomized food-based trial: overall no effect on birth weight in intention-to-treat, but per-protocol (supplement ≥90 d preconception) showed +48 g birth weight and reduced low birth weight.
Six‑month randomized, double‑blind trial of methylfolate + P5P + methylcobalamin showed large reductions in homocysteine and modest reductions in LDL‑C versus placebo, with greater effects in homozygous minor‑allele genotype subgroup.
Six‑week double‑blind randomized trial in postmenopausal women showed that soy protein with native phytate reduced total homocysteine and iron indices; vitamin B12 was measured as a covariate but not manipulated.
Two years of daily B-vitamin supplementation did not significantly reduce overall progression of ischemic brain lesions versus placebo, but a predefined subgroup with severe small vessel disease showed less white-matter lesion progression.
Randomized single-center trial: Deprox 500 (pollen extract plus multiple B vitamins including B12) improved prostatitis symptom scores more than Serenoa repens after 6 weeks.
Two-year follow-up of stroke patients with confluent WMH found that clinical and imaging factors predicted cognitive decline, while B vitamin measures were not associated with decline.
Controlled trial testing multivitamin (including hydroxycobalamin) or individual vitamins on plasma homocysteine in patients and volunteers.
A 12‑week multimicronutrient plus n‑3 PUFA supplement (including cholecalciferol) increased vitamin D status and reduced a composite low‑grade inflammation score versus placebo.
A 12‑week multimicronutrient plus n‑3 PUFA supplement (including cholecalciferol) increased vitamin D status and reduced a composite low‑grade inflammation score versus placebo.
In a randomized vitamin B therapy trial in diabetic nephropathy patients, 3D ultrasound vessel wall volume increased over time in one treatment group while IMT showed no between-group differences.
A single intramuscular hydroxycobalamin injection in infants with biochemical B12 impairment rapidly corrected biomarkers and improved motor scores and regurgitation.
In a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial of folic acid (1 mg) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women, folic acid modestly affected homocysteine and bone markers and preserved vitamin B12 levels relative to placebo.
6-week RCT in healthy men replacing most red/processed meat with legumes; studied nutrient intakes and biomarkers including iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion.
After RYGB surgery, use of an optimized multivitamin (WLS Forte) resulted in fewer vitamin B12, ferritin and anemia deficiencies than a standard multivitamin over 3 years.
High-dose B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine (~27.7%) in healthy volunteers but produced no clear changes in clotting activation markers (F1+2, TAT); D-dimer showed a non-significant reduction.
In a randomized maternal supplementation trial (>700 women), breastmilk Vitamin B12 concentration was positively associated with attention and executive function; MMN/LNS arms had higher breastmilk B12 than IFA.
Across cross-sectional and short intervention studies, folate status correlated with chromosome stability but short-term supplementation (including a folate+B12+B6 arm) did not change micronucleus frequency or cell proliferation.
A targeted medical nutrition therapy increased folate (and B6 and B12) levels and substantially reduced serum lipids in hyperlipidemic patients, while plasma homocysteine was unchanged.
Daily vitamin B-complex for 12 weeks lowered homocysteine and improved blood sugar and kidney markers in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial in adults with elevated MMA testing whether B12 treatment improved cognitive scores or depression over 3 months.
In a 2-year randomized trial subsample, daily vitamin B12 (500 µg) plus folic acid did not change endothelial or inflammation biomarkers versus placebo in elderly with high homocysteine.
Small randomized trial in renal transplant recipients: folic acid plus vitamin B12 reduced fasting homocysteine; vitamin B6 reduced post-methionine-loading increases.
12-month randomized community trial: low-dose oral B12 (2 or 10 µg/day) significantly lowered plasma homocysteine compared to placebo; folic acid 200 µg/day also reduced homocysteine.
Prospective cohort of male smokers: higher dietary folate (but not vitamin B12) intake was associated with lower risk of cerebral infarction; B12 intake showed no significant association with stroke subtypes.
An RCT of RYGB patients found that an optimized multivitamin (WLS Forte) produced fewer iron and B12 deficiencies versus standard MVS; both groups received substantial vitamin D (total ~1200 IU/day) with similar 25-OHD levels at 12 months.
Sixty bariatric patients were randomized to two surgery types and followed for 3 years; vitamin B12 deficiency occurred more often after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass than after sleeve gastrectomy.
At 1 year after RYGB variants, vitamin D deficiency was common and patients with very long Roux limb RYGB had significantly lower vitamin D levels than standard RYGB patients.
In obese adults on a weight-loss diet, synbiotic tablets increased vitamin D and B12 levels but both groups lost similar weight.
In healthy older adults, adding probiotic VSL#3 to a personalized anti-inflammatory diet for 8 weeks increased plasma vitamin B12 and folate and decreased homocysteine compared with diet alone.
Higher MMA was linked to hearing loss; short-term B12 did not improve hearing.
Vitamin B12 intervention did not change plasma TMAO or related choline metabolites in vegetarians.
B-vitamin treatment (including B12) lowered homocysteine and slowed some cognitive decline, especially in those with high baseline homocysteine.
Daily low-dose B vitamins (including B12) for 12 months reduced Framingham risk score and increased HDL, with effects reversing after stopping.
Randomized trial comparing monthly high-dose oral cyanocobalamin vs weekly intramuscular hydroxocobalamin over 4 weeks; both routes improved B12 biomarkers but IM produced much larger early rises.
A 24‑week RCT of fortified milk (providing ~1008 mg Ca/day) plus exercise improved vitamin B‑12 and 25(OH)D levels and reduced bone turnover markers versus control.
Ancillary analysis of a large RCT of low-dose B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) in CVD survivors found no overall QOL benefit and a small worsening in emotional role limitations.
Double-blind randomized dose-finding trial in older adults with mild B12 deficiency showing dose-dependent reductions in methylmalonic acid; high oral doses required to approximate maximal biochemical response.
One-year daily 1 mg oral B12 in older adults raised blood B12 but did not improve nerve conduction or cognitive tests.
In two cohorts, maternal and infant blood B12 concentrations correlated; milk B12 correlated with infant B12 in Canada but not in Cambodia, and most mothers and infants had adequate B12 status.
Long-term combined B-vitamin treatment lowered homocysteine but did not change plasma markers of inflammation or endothelial dysfunction.
In older or at-risk patients with low B12, both oral (1000 µg/day) and IM regimens normalized serum cobalamin in all patients; oral B12 showed lower MMA at day 91.
In older or at-risk patients with low B12, both oral (1000 µg/day) and IM regimens normalized serum cobalamin in all patients; oral B12 showed lower MMA at day 91.
Large randomized trial: daily B-vitamins (including 500 µg B12) lowered mean homocysteine but did not change MMSE scores or incidence of cognitive impairment over ~2.8–3.4 years.
2-year randomized placebo-controlled trial in men ≥75 y testing daily B12 (400 μg) + folic acid (2 mg?) + B6; found no benefit of B-vitamin treatment vs placebo on depressive symptom severity or incidence of clinically significant depression.
Randomized trial (VITACOG) in MCI patients: daily B-vitamin supplement (folic acid 0.8 mg, B12 0.5 mg, B6 20 mg) for ~2 years lowered homocysteine and prevented declines in several cognitive measures compared with placebo.
Post-hoc analysis of an RCT of folic acid + B12 (2-year intervention) showing that benefit of B-vitamin supplementation on global cognition was present in participants with high baseline plasma DHA (high-tertile) but not in lower DHA tertiles.
Clinical study in cataract surgery patients: dry eye patients randomized to hyaluronic acid 0.15% plus vitamin B12 eye drops versus no treatment; treatment reduced oxidative stress markers and improved dry-eye clinical scores.
In a long-term randomized trial subset, daily multivitamin/mineral (Centrum) increased plasma vitamin B12, folate, vitamin E and improved some other nutrient statuses versus placebo.
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial in elderly people showed dose-dependent biomarker improvements with B12 supplements, but even 500 μg/day for 8 weeks left a minority with persistent metabolic abnormalities.
Fortifying foods with iron and vitamin B12 for 1 year worked similarly regardless of H. pylori infection status.
Pre-op IV B-vitamin (including B12) massively raised B12/folate but did not prevent the nitrous oxide–induced rise in homocysteine.
In obese knee osteoarthritis patients, a low-energy formula diet (containing vitamin D) and weight loss increased serum 25‑OH vitamin D, lowered PTH, and produced a small increase in BMD over 16 weeks.
In depressed patients, adding folic acid to fluoxetine reduced homocysteine and improved depression scores, while vitamin B12 levels did not change.
In nursing-home residents, adding oat-bran reduced laxative use and was associated with slower decline in plasma B12 compared with control; homocysteine fell in both groups.
Low-dose folic acid for 4 weeks decreased homocysteine but did not change plasma methionine or plasma vitamin B12 concentrations.
Rural and urban Mexican women ate model diets in a crossover; homocysteine and B12/folate were measured over 4 hours.
Hospitalised older patients given a daily oral nutritional supplement (including vitamins) had improved depressive symptoms at 6 months but no cognitive change.
Randomized dietary intervention in healthy young men comparing usual vs high-protein meat diet and measuring platelet proteome, cognitive function, and methylation-cycle components including vitamin B12.
In 163 infants, one egg/day for 6 months increased plasma choline and DHA biomarkers and had no effect on plasma vitamin B12 concentrations.
In adults with overweight/obesity, two high-protein meal-replacement programs (with or without alternate day fasting) produced similar ~11% weight loss and improved metabolic markers; vitamin D levels decreased modestly in both groups by week 16.
Cross‑sectional comparison found vegans had lower plasma vitamin B12 and higher prevalence of elevated homocysteine compared with omnivores and vegetarians.
Six‑week double‑blind randomized trial in postmenopausal women showed that soy protein with native phytate reduced total homocysteine and iron indices; vitamin B12 was measured as a covariate but not manipulated.
Six months of high-dose B-group multivitamin supplementation increased blood B12 and B6 and lowered homocysteine; brain metabolite concentrations did not change significantly in this small neuroimaging sub-study.
In undernourished psycho-geriatric patients, a multinutrient liquid supplement for 12 weeks increased body weight and improved multiple plasma nutrient levels including vitamin D.
PCOS patients on metformin who received B-group vitamins had reduced rises in homocysteine compared to metformin alone over 12 weeks.
Single meals of Mankai duckweed raised certain amino acids and produced a larger short-term increase in plasma vitamin B12 compared with cheese or peas in healthy men.
Elderly people with mild cognitive impairment received high-dose B-vitamin supplementation (folic acid, B6, B12) for 2 years; B-vitamin treatment lowered homocysteine and substantially slowed whole-brain atrophy versus placebo.
A locally made RUTF produced greater weight gain than the local fortified cereal milk and increased plasma zinc, vitamin B12, albumin, and hemoglobin in malnourished preschoolers.
Daily fortified milk (including phytosterols) plus lifestyle counselling for 3 months improved several CVD-related markers (lower homocysteine, higher folate/B12) and tended to improve LDL:HDL; effects are from combined intervention.
6-week randomized trial of B-vitamin (including B12) plus folic acid in PAD patients: homocysteine fell and B12/folate rose, but ADMA did not change.
Single-center randomized trial of local injections for herpetic itching found injected cobalamin (B12) significantly relieved pain and improved daily activities and quality of life compared with controls.
Double-blind RCT of a multivitamin/mineral vs placebo in older adults on certain medications; MVMS increased folate and vitamin C status but did not significantly change serum calcium.
Fortifying school meals with a multinutrient premix for 8 months improved vitamin A and folate status, increased total body iron, and lessened the decline in vitamin B12 among schoolchildren.
In a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial of folic acid (1 mg) in postmenopausal osteoporotic women, folic acid modestly affected homocysteine and bone markers and preserved vitamin B12 levels relative to placebo.
Olestra intake reduced some fat-soluble nutrient levels but did not affect vitamin B12 absorption or status over 8 weeks in healthy adults.
Compared to standard enteral nutrition, immunomodulatory enteral nutrition after GI cancer surgery reduced some post-surgical complications and improved immune markers and nutritional parameters including vitamin B12 status.
Double-blind RCT of a multinutrient (including B12 50 µg) for 12 weeks; B vitamin biomarkers (B1, B6, B12) increased with active treatment and modest cognitive attention benefits were seen in a diet-defined subgroup.
Treatment-phase study in hemodialysis patients showing folate and added vitamin B12 lower but do not fully normalize homocysteine and MMA in ESRD.
Weekly iron+folic acid with or without added vitamin B12 for 26 weeks raised haemoglobin; addition of B12 improved ferritin and reduced B12 deficiency more than IFA alone.
Methylcobalamin (vitamin B12 form) shortened time to full facial recovery and improved facial nerve scores compared with steroid alone.
In non-diabetic high-risk breast cancer patients, 6 months of metformin reduced plasma vitamin B12 levels and increased biochemical B12 deficiency without causing anemia.
In 22 healthy women, serum vitamin B12 showed notable within-subject variability and was consistently lower in oral contraceptive users versus non-users.
Compared dietary intake and biochemical markers in depressed patients vs controls; depressed group had poorer diet and lower serum B12 and folate.
Large RCT: folic acid+B6+B12 lowered homocysteine and reduced stroke incidence but did not affect stroke severity or disability.
Breast cancer patients receiving docetaxel got either Goshajinkigan or mecobalamin (B12); the mecobalamin (B12) group had a much higher rate and greater severity of neuropathy than GJG group.
Antioxidant vitamins, with or without B-group vitamins (including B12), improved antioxidant capacity, lowered oxidative damage markers and reduced CRP after acute ischemic stroke; B vitamins reduced homocysteine.
Pre-op IV B-vitamin (including B12) massively raised B12/folate but did not prevent the nitrous oxide–induced rise in homocysteine.
Folic acid/vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not improve angiographic measures and was associated in post hoc analysis with increased odds of rapid progression.
Eight weeks of folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine and improved endothelial (flow-mediated) dilation in men with coronary heart disease.
In a short randomized study, hydrochlorothiazide raised plasma homocysteine and markers of renal function, whereas captopril did not.
Aged garlic extract plus B‑vitamin supplement for 1 year reduced coronary calcium progression and improved some vascular/oxidative biomarkers compared with placebo.
Older hospitalized patients given a mixed B‑vitamin drink had lower plasma homocysteine after 6 weeks, with partial return after stopping.
Dietary advice improved depressive symptoms but did not increase serum vitamin B12 after six months, likely due to poor adherence.
In hemodialysis patients, consecutive folic acid and vitamin B12 treatments lowered homocysteine; the decrease depended on MTHFR genotype and was larger when starting with folic acid.
Patients given folic acid plus B12 had lower homocysteine, improved coagulation parameters and much lower DVT recurrence than untreated patients.
Three months of folic acid plus small doses of B-vitamins including B12 improved folate and lowered homocysteine in children but did not change cognitive test scores.
Holotranscobalamin (holoTC) performed well as a diagnostic marker for early B12 deficiency; a randomized subset received B12 or placebo but primary focus was test evaluation.
In hemodialysis patients, weekly IV vitamin B12 reduced homocysteine substantially and was similarly effective as low-dose folinic acid; combining both gave the largest decrease.
In older adults, B-vitamin supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not change plasma long-chain n-3 PUFA proportions after 2 years.
In metabolic syndrome patients, combined folate and B12 therapy lowered homocysteine and improved insulin resistance and several measures of endothelial function over 1 month of B-vitamin treatment.
In obese knee osteoarthritis patients, a low-energy formula diet (containing vitamin D) and weight loss increased serum 25‑OH vitamin D, lowered PTH, and produced a small increase in BMD over 16 weeks.
In adults with overweight/obesity, two high-protein meal-replacement programs (with or without alternate day fasting) produced similar ~11% weight loss and improved metabolic markers; vitamin D levels decreased modestly in both groups by week 16.
In undernourished psycho-geriatric patients, a multinutrient liquid supplement for 12 weeks increased body weight and improved multiple plasma nutrient levels including vitamin D.
Identical twins randomized to vegan vs omnivorous diets for 8 weeks; vegans had lower LDL, insulin and weight; serum B12 fell numerically but was not significantly different.
Providing a daily animal-source snack for 6 months markedly reduced the prevalence of low zinc intake among women and improved several micronutrient intakes/status markers.
A multi-nutrient formulation including vitamin B12 produced short-term improvements in some cognitive test scores vs placebo in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Daily consumption of spreads fortified with folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 for 6 weeks raised B-vitamin status and significantly lowered plasma homocysteine in healthy volunteers.
Folate plus vitamin B12 given with pemetrexed was associated with a tolerable safety profile in Japanese patients and allowed an increased MTD and recommended dose compared with historic non‑supplemented data.
In 132 hemodialysis patients, supplementation with folate and/or B12 lowered homocysteine, with the magnitude and timing of response differing by C677T MTHFR genotype.
Intramuscular methylcobalamin given three times weekly for two weeks improved pain and disability at two months versus placebo in chronic nonspecific low back pain.
Oral vitamin B12 (with/without folic acid) produced rapid changes in cobalamin biomarkers, with holo-transcobalamin rising markedly within 3 days.
In a crossover trial comparing duloxetine vs oral vitamin B12 (1.5 mg/day) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, duloxetine produced greater reductions in numbness and pain than vitamin B12 over 4 weeks.
A prepared meal plan fortified with micronutrients (including recommended B12) for 10 weeks raised folate and vitamin B12 and reduced serum total homocysteine in high‑risk adults.
Men with type 2 diabetes given folic acid 5 mg/day for 8 weeks had lower homocysteine and malondialdehyde and improved total antioxidant capacity; serum folate and vitamin B12 levels also increased.
16-week multivitamin (including B12) raised blood B12 and B6 and produced beneficial changes in homocysteine, CRP and some lipid/oxidative stress markers, but did not improve cognitive test performance in healthy 55–65 y olds.
In older men, serum B12 and folate were not associated with lung cancer risk; higher B6 associated with lower risk.
In 40 diabetic neuropathy patients, both methylcobalamin and alpha-lipoic acid reduced neuropathy symptoms over 2 weeks; ALA improved antioxidant markers while methylcobalamin improved some sensory deficits.
Women given folic-acid-containing multi-micronutrients (including zinc) for 12 weeks had lower average depressive symptoms and lower depression prevalence; no difference between weekly vs daily dosing and no baseline association between zinc and depression.
Community older adults received folic acid+B12 or placebo; supplementation did not clearly enhance antidepressant effects on depressive symptoms.
Schizophrenic patients with high homocysteine received B vitamins and showed lower homocysteine and better clinical and cognitive scores versus placebo.
Diabetic neuropathy patients receiving electroacupuncture plus methylcobalamin injection had better nerve conduction and symptom scores than those receiving methylcobalamin injection alone.
Benfotiamine (alone or with B6 and B12) improved vibration perception, motor function and overall neuropathy symptoms in patients with alcoholic polyneuropathy over 8 weeks.
Among elderly Chileans exposed to folic acid fortification, high serum folate was associated with increased DNA methylation in specific CpG sites of p16, MLH1 and MGMT, while low vitamin B12 showed no significant association with methylation.
In renal-transplant patients with high homocysteine, vitamin B treatment (including B12) lowered homocysteine and improved endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation over 6 months.
B-vitamin combination (including 1000 µg B12) for 6 months lowered homocysteine and improved endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in renal transplant recipients.
Hospitalised older patients given a daily oral nutritional supplement (including vitamins) had improved depressive symptoms at 6 months but no cognitive change.
In stroke patients, treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B12 for 2 months lowered homocysteine and CF6 levels compared with no vitamin treatment.
Mecobalamin treatment improved neuropathic symptoms and some nerve function measures in diabetic patients versus control vitamin B12 regimen.
In lumbar spinal stenosis patients, methylcobalamin plus standard care did not change pain or neurologic signs but improved walking distance for neurogenic claudication.
In patients with mild–moderate carpal tunnel syndrome awaiting surgery, a twice-daily multi-nutrient supplement (including B vitamins and B12) for 60 days improved symptoms and pain versus no treatment.
Drinking mineral water fortified with folic acid, vitamins (including D) and calcium for 8 weeks raised folate, lowered homocysteine, and increased urinary calcium excretion, indicating bioavailable calcium.
Randomized controlled study of low- vs high-dose hormone therapy versus control in postmenopausal women assessing fasting and post-methionine homocysteine and B-vitamin levels.
In older adults, a daily B-vitamin supplement (folate, B12, B6) lowered plasma total homocysteine but did not change plasma AdoHcy or AdoMet after 2 years.
Randomized trial comparing mecobalamin (1,500 µg/day) versus no mecobalamin after nerve-sparing prostatectomy; no significant improvement in urinary or sexual function, with a non-significant early urinary recovery trend.
Injecting mecobalamin at the Zusanli acupoint improved nerve imaging markers and symptoms modestly compared with intramuscular injection over 14 days.
Daily supervised iron+folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for 90 days increased hemoglobin and corrected deficiencies, but adding B12 did not improve hemoglobin.
Two-year randomized double-blind trial found no cognitive benefit from daily B12/B6/folic acid supplementation in hypertensive men aged ≥75.
Cross-sectional baseline biochemical analysis of infants (6–11 months) showing variable cobalamin status: depending on marker, a large proportion had functional indicators of low B12 while folate was adequate.
Compared quintuply-fortified salt (including iodine) versus iodized salt in nonpregnant reproductive-age women; QFS improved several micronutrient deficiencies versus iodized salt.
In lactating women, daily multiple micronutrient supplement (including vitamin D, DHA, lutein) for ~12 weeks increased milk DHA and raised maternal blood levels of several nutrients including 25-OH-vitamin D; well tolerated.
Mecobalamin (a form of B12) improved foot/ankle function at 3 months and reduced pregabalin use over 12 months, but benefits were not sustained at later follow-ups.
Antioxidant vitamins, with or without B-group vitamins (including B12), improved antioxidant capacity, lowered oxidative damage markers and reduced CRP after acute ischemic stroke; B vitamins reduced homocysteine.
Ultrahigh‑dose intramuscular methylcobalamin slowed functional decline over 16 weeks in early ALS compared with placebo, with similar adverse event rates.
In 163 infants, one egg/day for 6 months increased plasma choline and DHA biomarkers and had no effect on plasma vitamin B12 concentrations.
Small randomized trial where high-dose IV methylcobalamin added to bortezomib therapy reduced the incidence of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy compared with control.
Randomized trial found that local methylcobalamin plus lidocaine injections (especially if given 4–7 days after rash onset) reduced pain faster and improved quality of life in acute herpetic neuralgia versus control regimens.
Multicenter double-blind RCT showed methylcobalamin (MC) was effective in improving neuropathic symptom and disability scores and neurophysiological parameters in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and was non-inferior to acetyl-L-carnitine.
6-month randomized trial in patients with prior colorectal adenomas comparing folic acid + vitamin B12 vs placebo; biomarkers in rectal DNA were measured.
6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of daily B-vitamin supplementation (B6, B9, B12) in women with migraine with aura, assessing homocysteine and migraine outcomes and genotype effects.
In older women with CVD/risk factors, combined B-vitamin supplementation did not change cognitive decline overall; possible benefit in those with low dietary B-vitamin intake.
In hemodialysis patients, adding methylcobalamin to folate normalized homocysteine more often and reduced ADMA and arterial stiffness more than folate alone over 3 weeks.
Local methylcobalamin plus lidocaine injections shortened healing times, produced large and sustained pain reductions, and reduced postherpetic neuralgia incidence in acute ophthalmic herpetic neuralgia.
In an 8-week RCT, mecobalamin intramuscular injections improved corneal small-fiber measures and autonomic symptom scores more than oral mecobalamin in mild–moderate diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Local injection of methylcobalamin plus lidocaine provided greater pain relief and reduced analgesic use compared with systemic methylcobalamin in subacute ophthalmic herpetic neuralgia.
Adding B vitamins (thiamine, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin) to dexketoprofen produced faster and slightly greater pain relief and reduced disability over 7 days compared with dexketoprofen alone.
Daily B-vitamin (folic acid, B6, B12) vs placebo in 8164 patients after stroke/TIA: overall no significant reduction in major vascular events, but subgroup not on antiplatelet therapy showed fewer events; B-vitamins lowered homocysteine.
Nested analysis in a trial of 1,084 individuals with prior adenomas found no significant association between plasma vitamin B12 and risk of new colorectal adenomas.
Methylcobalamin plus folic acid lowered homocysteine but did not reduce global cognitive decline over 24 months; a subgroup with high baseline homocysteine had less decline in one cognitive domain.
Randomized trial in 90 postherpetic neuralgia patients showing TENS plus local cobalamin injections reduced pain and improved activities of daily living and quality of life.
Large randomized food-based trial: overall no effect on birth weight in intention-to-treat, but per-protocol (supplement ≥90 d preconception) showed +48 g birth weight and reduced low birth weight.
Six‑month randomized, double‑blind trial of methylfolate + P5P + methylcobalamin showed large reductions in homocysteine and modest reductions in LDL‑C versus placebo, with greater effects in homozygous minor‑allele genotype subgroup.
Two years of daily B-vitamin supplementation did not significantly reduce overall progression of ischemic brain lesions versus placebo, but a predefined subgroup with severe small vessel disease showed less white-matter lesion progression.
Daily multivitamin at 100% RDI (including vitamin D among others) did not reduce number or duration of recurrent mouth ulcers compared with placebo over up to 365 days.
A two-month adjunctive multi-vitamin supplement reduced gingival inflammation and probing depths in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with placebo.
Randomized single-center trial: Deprox 500 (pollen extract plus multiple B vitamins including B12) improved prostatitis symptom scores more than Serenoa repens after 6 weeks.
Large community survey showing low plasma cobalamin common in young Indian children, especially in breastfed infants, with associated metabolic markers.
Daily zinc reduced the risk of prolonged diarrhea primarily in children with low cobalamin (vitamin B12) status.
In elderly with cobalamin deficiency, high-dose oral cyanocobalamin lowered SAH, MMA, and homocysteine.
After RYGB surgery, use of an optimized multivitamin (WLS Forte) resulted in fewer vitamin B12, ferritin and anemia deficiencies than a standard multivitamin over 3 years.
Partially replacing animal proteins with plant proteins for 12 weeks lowered iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion in healthy adults.
Randomized trial with placebo, B6 and B12 arms measuring sensory processing; Vitamin-B12 showed no reliable benefit on sensory over-responsivity or postural disorder in the high-score subgroups.
Randomized trial in HIV-infected mothers: maternal multivitamin supplementation (including B12) increased infant serum B12 and reduced infant B12 deficiency at 6 weeks and 6 months.
In a randomized maternal supplementation trial (>700 women), breastmilk Vitamin B12 concentration was positively associated with attention and executive function; MMN/LNS arms had higher breastmilk B12 than IFA.
In this randomized substudy, antenatal multiple micronutrients (including vitamin D) improved maternal micronutrient biomarkers in late pregnancy but many deficiencies persisted.
Elderly participants took folic acid or a B-complex (including B12) for ~23 days; B-complex led to lower unmetabolized folic acid than folic acid alone and both raised methylfolate.
In RYGB patients, a longer biliopancreatic limb (120 cm) did not improve weight loss or comorbidity remission but was associated with greater long-term requirements for vitamin B12 (and folic acid and vitamin A) supplementation.
After gastric bypass, daily probiotics reduced bacterial overgrowth and were associated with higher postoperative vitamin B12 levels and greater early weight loss.
In a large phase III trial, adding folic acid and vitamin B12 to chemotherapy reduced treatment toxicity without harming survival outcomes.
Large phase III RCT showed pemetrexed+cisplatin improved survival and progression outcomes versus cisplatin alone; folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation given with pemetrexed significantly reduced treatment toxicities.
In pregnant women, an MMN supplement containing 15 mg zinc produced maternal plasma zinc concentrations similar to standard iron–folic acid regimens at week 30; MMN increased vitamin B12 but did not change zinc vs controls.
2-year randomized placebo-controlled trial in men ≥75 y testing daily B12 (400 μg) + folic acid (2 mg?) + B6; found no benefit of B-vitamin treatment vs placebo on depressive symptom severity or incidence of clinically significant depression.
Post-hoc analysis of an RCT of folic acid + B12 (2-year intervention) showing that benefit of B-vitamin supplementation on global cognition was present in participants with high baseline plasma DHA (high-tertile) but not in lower DHA tertiles.
Clinical study in cataract surgery patients: dry eye patients randomized to hyaluronic acid 0.15% plus vitamin B12 eye drops versus no treatment; treatment reduced oxidative stress markers and improved dry-eye clinical scores.
In patients with advanced CKD/ESRD, high-dose folic acid plus B vitamins including cyanocobalamin (B12) lowered homocysteine but did not reduce mortality or major vascular events over ~3.2 years.
Single-center randomized trial of local injections for herpetic itching found injected cobalamin (B12) significantly relieved pain and improved daily activities and quality of life compared with controls.
Four-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in elderly people showing B-vitamin supplementation lowers markers of B12/folate deficiency.
Large randomized trial protocol in high-risk adults testing folic acid + vitamins B6 and B12 versus placebo with cardiovascular events as the primary outcome.
Eight-week randomized controlled trial of an antioxidant mix (including vitamin B12) in older adults showing improved executive function and reduced oxidative stress markers versus placebo.
Methylcobalamin (vitamin B12 form) shortened time to full facial recovery and improved facial nerve scores compared with steroid alone.
Adjunctive B-vitamin supplementation did not change 12-week antidepressant remission but improved sustained response over 52 weeks and reduced relapse risk.
Double-blind RCT (n=139) comparing an optimized multivitamin vs standard supplement in sleeve gastrectomy patients found improvements in folic acid, vitamin B1, PTH and anemia rates with the optimized supplement but no difference in vitamin D deficiency prevalence.
Cluster-RCTs in Kenya and Bangladesh delivering LNSs (containing B12) plus counseling increased hemoglobin, reduced anemia and improved vitamin B12 status in young children compared with control.
Fortified salt containing iodine and other micronutrients given to children and women for 8 months improved iron and zinc status and reduced anemia; urinary iodine was maintained in the fortified group.
Young men with high homocysteine took B-vitamin supplements for 8 weeks; homocysteine fell but artery function did not change.
Stable CAD patients randomized to folic acid plus vitamin B12 showed increased basal and adenosine-induced coronary blood flow after 24 months versus placebo.
Large randomized trial after acute MI showed folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine markedly but did not reduce recurrent cardiovascular events; possible harm suggested in combined-vitamin arm.
Large RCT: folic acid+B6+B12 lowered homocysteine and reduced stroke incidence but did not affect stroke severity or disability.
Multicenter double-blind RCT after coronary stenting: folate/B6/B12 therapy increased angiographic restenosis and repeat revascularization compared with placebo.
Women with migraine took a daily vitamin tablet (1 mg folic acid + B6 + B12) for 6 months; B12 levels rose but homocysteine and migraine outcomes did not change significantly.
Breast cancer patients receiving docetaxel got either Goshajinkigan or mecobalamin (B12); the mecobalamin (B12) group had a much higher rate and greater severity of neuropathy than GJG group.
Large randomized double-blind trial of folic acid + B6 + B12 vs placebo over ~7.3 years showed reduced incidence of AMD and visually significant AMD in the treatment group.
Fortifying foods with iron and vitamin B12 for 1 year worked similarly regardless of H. pylori infection status.
Aged garlic extract plus B‑vitamin supplement for 1 year reduced coronary calcium progression and improved some vascular/oxidative biomarkers compared with placebo.
Folic acid/vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not improve angiographic measures and was associated in post hoc analysis with increased odds of rapid progression.
In haemodialysis patients, alternating vitamin B12 and folic acid lowered homocysteine; effects depended on genotype and dialysis membrane type.
Patients given folic acid plus B12 had lower homocysteine, improved coagulation parameters and much lower DVT recurrence than untreated patients.
In elderly people, combined cobalamin (B12) plus folic acid lowered homocysteine and raised betaine, but overall cognitive performance did not improve.
Vitamin B12 injections reduced pain, paresthesia and tingling more than nortriptyline in people with painful diabetic neuropathy.
Holotranscobalamin (holoTC) performed well as a diagnostic marker for early B12 deficiency; a randomized subset received B12 or placebo but primary focus was test evaluation.
In hemodialysis patients, weekly IV vitamin B12 reduced homocysteine substantially and was similarly effective as low-dose folinic acid; combining both gave the largest decrease.
In metabolic syndrome patients, combined folate and B12 therapy lowered homocysteine and improved insulin resistance and several measures of endothelial function over 1 month of B-vitamin treatment.
In obese knee osteoarthritis patients, a low-energy formula diet (containing vitamin D) and weight loss increased serum 25‑OH vitamin D, lowered PTH, and produced a small increase in BMD over 16 weeks.
Providing a daily animal-source snack for 6 months markedly reduced the prevalence of low zinc intake among women and improved several micronutrient intakes/status markers.
Three-arm randomized trial (drink powder with betaine + B‑vitamins, UNIMMAP multivitamin, control) in 298 women; both supplements substantially lowered plasma homocysteine versus control, drink powder > UNIMMAP.
Daily consumption of spreads fortified with folic acid, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 for 6 weeks raised B-vitamin status and significantly lowered plasma homocysteine in healthy volunteers.
Folate plus vitamin B12 given with pemetrexed was associated with a tolerable safety profile in Japanese patients and allowed an increased MTD and recommended dose compared with historic non‑supplemented data.
Intramuscular methylcobalamin given three times weekly for two weeks improved pain and disability at two months versus placebo in chronic nonspecific low back pain.
Oral vitamin B12 (with/without folic acid) produced rapid changes in cobalamin biomarkers, with holo-transcobalamin rising markedly within 3 days.
Cluster-RCT assessing dietary intakes over 12 months in children given LNS (contains multiple micronutrients) vs control; dietary recalls used.
In a crossover trial comparing duloxetine vs oral vitamin B12 (1.5 mg/day) for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, duloxetine produced greater reductions in numbness and pain than vitamin B12 over 4 weeks.
Methylcobalamin (3 mg/day) did not improve sleep timing, daytime mood, or sleep logs versus placebo in delayed sleep phase syndrome.
In 40 diabetic neuropathy patients, both methylcobalamin and alpha-lipoic acid reduced neuropathy symptoms over 2 weeks; ALA improved antioxidant markers while methylcobalamin improved some sensory deficits.
Women given folic-acid-containing multi-micronutrients (including zinc) for 12 weeks had lower average depressive symptoms and lower depression prevalence; no difference between weekly vs daily dosing and no baseline association between zinc and depression.
Older women took daily high-dose folic acid, B6 and B12 or placebo for ~7 years; supplementation lowered homocysteine but did not reduce depression risk.
Reproductive-aged Guatemalan women received weekly or daily folic acid (with B12 and minerals) for 12 weeks; folate improved and homocysteine fell in all groups, daily B12 raised serum B12.
Two-week controlled feeding in postmenopausal women showing serum nutrient concentrations (including vitamin B-12) reflect recent intake and can serve as biomarkers.
In chronic hemodialysis patients given folic acid and B vitamins for 3 months, homocysteine and hsCRP fell significantly in non-diabetic patients but not in diabetic patients.
Among elderly Chileans exposed to folic acid fortification, high serum folate was associated with increased DNA methylation in specific CpG sites of p16, MLH1 and MGMT, while low vitamin B12 showed no significant association with methylation.
In renal-transplant patients with high homocysteine, vitamin B treatment (including B12) lowered homocysteine and improved endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation over 6 months.
B-vitamin combination (including 1000 µg B12) for 6 months lowered homocysteine and improved endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation in renal transplant recipients.
Daily folate + B12 + B6 lowered homocysteine but did not change blood pressure in older adults over 2 years.
Mecobalamin treatment improved neuropathic symptoms and some nerve function measures in diabetic patients versus control vitamin B12 regimen.
Older adults with low cobalamin received IM cyanocobalamin or no treatment; cognitive results were mixed with no clear consistent benefit.
Randomized trial comparing mecobalamin (1,500 µg/day) versus no mecobalamin after nerve-sparing prostatectomy; no significant improvement in urinary or sexual function, with a non-significant early urinary recovery trend.
Injecting mecobalamin at the Zusanli acupoint improved nerve imaging markers and symptoms modestly compared with intramuscular injection over 14 days.
Daily supervised iron+folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for 90 days increased hemoglobin and corrected deficiencies, but adding B12 did not improve hemoglobin.
Two-year randomized double-blind trial found no cognitive benefit from daily B12/B6/folic acid supplementation in hypertensive men aged ≥75.
An ultra-short preoperative combination (IV iron, erythropoietin, subcutaneous B12, oral folic acid) reduced perioperative transfusions and raised early haemoglobin and reticulocyte markers.
Randomized trial in newly diagnosed cobalamin-deficient patients comparing daily oral (2 mg) versus intermittent intramuscular (1 mg) cyanocobalamin for 4 months; oral therapy was at least as effective and produced larger biochemical improvements.
Cross-sectional baseline biochemical analysis of infants (6–11 months) showing variable cobalamin status: depending on marker, a large proportion had functional indicators of low B12 while folate was adequate.
Large randomized trial of folic acid in hypertensive adults showing baseline higher B12 (and folate) associated with lower first ischemic stroke risk and that folic acid supplementation reduced stroke risk especially in subgroups defined by low B12/folate and MTHFR genotype.
In a short randomized study, hydrochlorothiazide raised plasma homocysteine and markers of renal function, whereas captopril did not.
Cross-sectional analysis in older adults (n=567) found no association between B‑vitamin biomarkers (including B12) or a genetic hyperhomocysteinemia score and arterial stiffness (PWV); observed a homocysteine–gene interaction.
Small randomized trial where high-dose IV methylcobalamin added to bortezomib therapy reduced the incidence of bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy compared with control.
Randomized trial found that local methylcobalamin plus lidocaine injections (especially if given 4–7 days after rash onset) reduced pain faster and improved quality of life in acute herpetic neuralgia versus control regimens.
Multicenter double-blind RCT showed methylcobalamin (MC) was effective in improving neuropathic symptom and disability scores and neurophysiological parameters in diabetic peripheral neuropathy and was non-inferior to acetyl-L-carnitine.
Single-center RCT found local methylcobalamin injections reduced pain and improved quality of life in subacute herpetic neuralgia versus oral or lidocaine comparators.
Randomized study adding mecobalamin to standard care in ischemic stroke patients with H-type hypertension and measuring homocysteine, inflammation, plaques and function over 6 months.
In older women with CVD/risk factors, combined B-vitamin supplementation did not change cognitive decline overall; possible benefit in those with low dietary B-vitamin intake.
In hemodialysis patients, adding methylcobalamin to folate normalized homocysteine more often and reduced ADMA and arterial stiffness more than folate alone over 3 weeks.
In PCI patients, baseline ADMA and TML were independently associated with angiographic CAD progression; moderate-dose folic acid plus vitamin B12 lowered homocysteine but did not change median ADMA or TML.
In patients with painful diabetic neuropathy, Milgamma (contains mecobalamin/cyanocobalamin) produced significant pain relief and improved vibration perception versus comparator over 3 months.
Adding B vitamins (thiamine, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin) to dexketoprofen produced faster and slightly greater pain relief and reduced disability over 7 days compared with dexketoprofen alone.
Oral vitamin B1 plus mecobalamin improved corneal subbasal nerve parameters and several dry eye symptoms over 1–3 months compared with artificial tears alone.
Long-term folic acid–based multivitamin therapy consistently lowered plasma total homocysteine by ~3–4 μmol/L at 6 months across recruitment periods despite rising baseline folate status.
Nested analysis in a trial of 1,084 individuals with prior adenomas found no significant association between plasma vitamin B12 and risk of new colorectal adenomas.
Randomized trial in 90 postherpetic neuralgia patients showing TENS plus local cobalamin injections reduced pain and improved activities of daily living and quality of life.
Cross‑sectional comparison found vegans had lower plasma vitamin B12 and higher prevalence of elevated homocysteine compared with omnivores and vegetarians.
In a crossover feeding study, a traditional Korean diet higher in one‑carbon nutrients (including B12) reduced homocysteine more than the control diet and increased global DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Food-based supplement providing substantial B12 increased dietary B12 intake (>2-fold) but did not change circulating serum cobalamin or improve birth outcomes.
Daily oral multi-nutrient supplements for 6 weeks improved nutrition and reduced non-elective readmissions in older hospitalized patients.
Daily multivitamin at 100% RDI (including vitamin D among others) did not reduce number or duration of recurrent mouth ulcers compared with placebo over up to 365 days.
A two-month adjunctive multi-vitamin supplement reduced gingival inflammation and probing depths in patients with chronic periodontitis compared with placebo.
Large randomized double-blind trial: daily B-vitamin supplementation (folic acid, B6, B12) lowered homocysteine but did not significantly reduce recurrent DVT/PE over 2.5 years.
Daily zinc reduced the risk of prolonged diarrhea primarily in children with low cobalamin (vitamin B12) status.
A single bolus maternal lipid-based nutrient supplement increased milk cobalamin concentration and infant cobalamin intake over 8 hours compared with control.
Children with moderate acute malnutrition received food supplements; serum cobalamin rose during 3 months of supplementation but many remained marginal.
An 8-week multivitamin/mineral supplement raised B-vitamin levels (including B12) and lowered homocysteine in older adults.
Lipid-based nutrient supplements given for 12 weeks to stunted children increased plasma cobalamin, reduced MMA, improved folate and hemoglobin, and lowered anemia risk.
Lipid-based nutrient supplements given for 12 weeks to stunted children increased plasma cobalamin, reduced MMA, improved folate and hemoglobin, and lowered anemia risk.
After gastric bypass, daily probiotics reduced bacterial overgrowth and were associated with higher postoperative vitamin B12 levels and greater early weight loss.
Three months of daily micronutrient packs increased vitamin D and other micronutrient levels and improved antioxidant markers in older institutionalized adults.
A 4-week vitamin supplement increased vitamin B12 and other vitamin levels in children; convalescent children also showed increases in appetite, weight and muscle strength.
Fortified porridge given for 6 months raised hemoglobin and ferritin and improved motor development in infants.
Fortified salt containing iodine and other micronutrients given to children and women for 8 months improved iron and zinc status and reduced anemia; urinary iodine was maintained in the fortified group.
Young women randomized to pork diet, iron supplement, or control for 12 weeks; iron supplementation raised ferritin and both pork and iron raised hemoglobin; B12 concentrations were not significantly changed (trend to increase with pork).
Six weeks of a B-complex (including 1000 μg B12) significantly reduced homocysteine; sublingual and oral delivery were equally effective.
Subsample (n=740) from a randomized antenatal trial in rural Nepal: multiple micronutrient supplementation reduced the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency though mean serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were unchanged between first and third trimester.
Double-blind RCT (n=139) comparing an optimized multivitamin vs standard supplement in sleeve gastrectomy patients found improvements in folic acid, vitamin B1, PTH and anemia rates with the optimized supplement but no difference in vitamin D deficiency prevalence.
A combined nutraceutical (including 12.5 mg zinc) produced a larger reduction in homocysteine than high-dose folic acid alone over two months.
Daily hydrosoluble vitamin supplementation for 12 months reduced high homocysteine in hemodialysis patients but rarely normalized it.
In Crohn's disease patients, elevated homocysteine was common and strongly associated with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis.
In a 3-month open-label randomized study in hemodialysis patients, folic acid plus B-complex lowered homocysteine and CRP and increased albumin and vitamin B12.
In adults with prior CVD, daily low‑dose B‑vitamin supplementation (5‑methyl‑THF 560 μg, B6 3 mg, B12 20 μg) produced a large tHcy decrease after 1 year (~‑26.3%), raised vitamin biomarkers in year 1 (then plateaued), and the homocysteine response was modified by MTHFR genotype (TT showed larger initial decrease).
One year of daily vitamin D3 (1200 IU) with calcium (with or without B vitamins) increased 25(OH)D, lowered PTH, and reduced multiple bone turnover markers in elderly subjects.
Multimicronutrient tablets (which included 5 µg vitamin D) modestly reduced Schistosoma mansoni reinfection intensity but did not affect other helminth reinfections.
Multimicronutrient tablets (which included 5 µg vitamin D) modestly reduced Schistosoma mansoni reinfection intensity but did not affect other helminth reinfections.
4110 kidney transplant recipients randomized to high- vs low-dose folic acid/B6/B12: homocysteine was reduced but there was no reduction in composite cardiovascular outcomes over ~4 years.
2501 patients with prior CVD took B-vitamins (including B12 20 µg) or placebo for ~5 years; supplementation did not change blood pressure.
Cluster-RCTs in Kenya and Bangladesh delivering LNSs (containing B12) plus counseling increased hemoglobin, reduced anemia and improved vitamin B12 status in young children compared with control.
2501 patients with prior CVD took B-vitamins (including B12 20 µg) or placebo for ~5 years; supplementation did not change blood pressure.
In older women at risk of sarcopenia, micronutrient intake modified strength-training responses; higher vitamin D intake was associated with poorer 5STS performance improvements.
In older women at risk of sarcopenia, micronutrient intake modified strength-training responses; higher vitamin D intake was associated with poorer 5STS performance improvements.
Supplement users had higher plasma vitamin B-12 levels and generally healthier behaviors compared with nonusers.
Supplement users had higher plasma vitamin B-12 levels and generally healthier behaviors compared with nonusers.
Supplement users had higher plasma vitamin B-12 levels and generally healthier behaviors compared with nonusers.
Fortified porridge given for 6 months raised hemoglobin and ferritin and improved motor development in infants.
In elderly patients with chronic heart failure, long-term high-dose multiple micronutrient supplementation (including vitamin D) improved left ventricular volumes, increased LVEF and improved quality-of-life versus placebo.
In elderly patients with chronic heart failure, long-term high-dose multiple micronutrient supplementation (including vitamin D) improved left ventricular volumes, increased LVEF and improved quality-of-life versus placebo.
In elderly patients with chronic heart failure, long-term high-dose multiple micronutrient supplementation (including vitamin D) improved left ventricular volumes, increased LVEF and improved quality-of-life versus placebo.
Elderly people with mild cognitive impairment received high-dose B-vitamin supplementation (folic acid, B6, B12) for 2 years; B-vitamin treatment lowered homocysteine and substantially slowed whole-brain atrophy versus placebo.
In 8,164 patients with recent stroke or TIA randomized to daily B-vitamins (including B12) versus placebo, B-vitamin therapy lowered homocysteine but did not significantly change the incidence of osteoporotic fractures over ~3.4 years.
In a 17-week RCT in frail elderly people, nutrient-dense (micronutrient-enriched) foods corrected multiple micronutrient deficiencies including 25‑hydroxy vitamin D deficiency, whereas exercise alone did not.
Arsenic methylation to DMA improved during early pregnancy, and this improvement was not associated with vitamin B12 status.
In hemodialysis patients, homocysteine-lowering vitamin B (primarily folate per protocol) therapy was associated with fewer cardiovascular events versus untreated patients.
A multi-nutrient supplement that included vitamin B12 preserved certain immune functions and was associated with fewer infections in elderly subjects.
A multi-nutrient supplement that included vitamin B12 preserved certain immune functions and was associated with fewer infections in elderly subjects.
A multi-nutrient supplement that included vitamin B12 preserved certain immune functions and was associated with fewer infections in elderly subjects.
Cord-blood substudy (n=333) of a large cluster-randomized trial comparing antenatal multiple micronutrient (MM) supplementation (includes vitamin D) versus iron–folic acid (IFA); MM increased newborn vitamin D, ferritin, and zinc vs IFA.
Cord-blood substudy (n=333) of a large cluster-randomized trial comparing antenatal multiple micronutrient (MM) supplementation (includes vitamin D) versus iron–folic acid (IFA); MM increased newborn vitamin D, ferritin, and zinc vs IFA.
In hemodialysis patients, an antioxidant cocktail that included vitamin B12 did not change markers of oxidative stress or inflammation over 8 weeks.
In hemodialysis patients, an antioxidant cocktail that included vitamin B12 did not change markers of oxidative stress or inflammation over 8 weeks.
Randomized trial testing a smartphone app to improve adherence to prescribed supplements (including calcium/vitamin D) after bariatric surgery: the app did not improve objective pharmacy-based adherence or biochemical deficiency rates at 1 year.
Giving HIV-infected mothers multivitamins (including B12) during pregnancy and postpartum improved their children's weight at 24 months.
Giving HIV-infected mothers multivitamins (including B12) during pregnancy and postpartum improved their children's weight at 24 months.
Giving HIV-infected mothers multivitamins (including B12) during pregnancy and postpartum improved their children's weight at 24 months.
A locally made RUTF produced greater weight gain than the local fortified cereal milk and increased plasma zinc, vitamin B12, albumin, and hemoglobin in malnourished preschoolers.
Compared intramuscular methyl vitamin B12 injections, acupuncture, and their combination for diabetic paralytic squint over 28 days; acupuncture (alone or with medication) had higher effective rates than medication alone.
Compared intramuscular methyl vitamin B12 injections, acupuncture, and their combination for diabetic paralytic squint over 28 days; acupuncture (alone or with medication) had higher effective rates than medication alone.
Compared intramuscular methyl vitamin B12 injections, acupuncture, and their combination for diabetic paralytic squint over 28 days; acupuncture (alone or with medication) had higher effective rates than medication alone.
Double-blind RCT of high-dose B vitamins (folic acid, B12, B6) vs placebo for ~3.1 years found no overall effect on carotid IMT progression but reduced IMT progression in participants with baseline homocysteine ≥9.1 µmol/L.
Double-blind RCT of high-dose B vitamins (folic acid, B12, B6) vs placebo for ~3.1 years found no overall effect on carotid IMT progression but reduced IMT progression in participants with baseline homocysteine ≥9.1 µmol/L.
Compared to standard enteral nutrition, immunomodulatory enteral nutrition after GI cancer surgery reduced some post-surgical complications and improved immune markers and nutritional parameters including vitamin B12 status.
Compared to standard enteral nutrition, immunomodulatory enteral nutrition after GI cancer surgery reduced some post-surgical complications and improved immune markers and nutritional parameters including vitamin B12 status.
Maternal multiple micronutrient supplements (which included 10 µg vitamin D) did not reduce overall fetal loss or early infant mortality; effects of vitamin D alone were not separable.
Maternal multiple micronutrient supplements (which included 10 µg vitamin D) did not reduce overall fetal loss or early infant mortality; effects of vitamin D alone were not separable.
Maternal multiple micronutrient supplements (which included 10 µg vitamin D) did not reduce overall fetal loss or early infant mortality; effects of vitamin D alone were not separable.
RCT (n=70 allocated, 68 completed) of tailored progressive dietary advice plus new complete dentures vs standard care in edentulous elders, assessing nutritional status (MNA) and nutrient intake at 3 months.
Twelve weeks of a nutrient-dense drink (contains 250 mg calcium/serving) increased energy and micronutrient intake and improved body weight and some muscle mass in older outpatients at risk of malnutrition.
Secondary analysis of a 2-year RCT in adults with type 2 diabetes comparing very low‑carb vs high‑carb diets found micronutrient biomarkers (including calcium) remained within normal ranges with no differences between diets.
Secondary analysis of a 2-year RCT in adults with type 2 diabetes comparing very low‑carb vs high‑carb diets found micronutrient biomarkers (including calcium) remained within normal ranges with no differences between diets.
Secondary analysis of a 2-year RCT in adults with type 2 diabetes comparing very low‑carb vs high‑carb diets found micronutrient biomarkers (including calcium) remained within normal ranges with no differences between diets.
Randomized double-blind trial of Macuprev (multi-ingredient supplement including vitamin D3 800 IU) vs placebo in 30 patients with intermediate AMD (28 completed): after 6 months the active supplement increased central mfERG amplitudes (R1 and R2) without OCT structural changes.
Randomized double-blind trial of Macuprev (multi-ingredient supplement including vitamin D3 800 IU) vs placebo in 30 patients with intermediate AMD (28 completed): after 6 months the active supplement increased central mfERG amplitudes (R1 and R2) without OCT structural changes.
Randomized double-blind trial of Macuprev (multi-ingredient supplement including vitamin D3 800 IU) vs placebo in 30 patients with intermediate AMD (28 completed): after 6 months the active supplement increased central mfERG amplitudes (R1 and R2) without OCT structural changes.
Six months of a multi-component supplement (including vitamin B12) improved sperm parameters: a higher proportion of men achieved normal spermiograms and spontaneous pregnancy rates increased compared with placebo.
Six months of a multi-component supplement (including vitamin B12) improved sperm parameters: a higher proportion of men achieved normal spermiograms and spontaneous pregnancy rates increased compared with placebo.
Six months of a multi-component supplement (including vitamin B12) improved sperm parameters: a higher proportion of men achieved normal spermiograms and spontaneous pregnancy rates increased compared with placebo.
Nested case–control study measured serum folate, B6, B12, riboflavin, and homocysteine to assess associations with colon and rectal cancer risk in Finnish men.
Twelve weeks of a nutrient-dense drink (contains 250 mg calcium/serving) increased energy and micronutrient intake and improved body weight and some muscle mass in older outpatients at risk of malnutrition.
In a small study of adults with EoE, higher calcium intake (and certain dairy products) tended to associate with lower esophageal inflammation.
6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral vs transdermal estrogen+progesterone; oral estrogen significantly reduced plasma vitamin B12 levels vs placebo, transdermal did not.
In this feasibility RCT of metformin vs placebo in people with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia, metformin was associated with a small but statistically significant reduction in plasma vitamin B12 levels.
6-month randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral vs transdermal estrogen+progesterone; oral estrogen significantly reduced plasma vitamin B12 levels vs placebo, transdermal did not.
Caregiver education or provision of low‑protein foods reduced children's phenylalanine; micronutrients including vitamin B12 did not change significantly at 10 weeks.
A multicomponent supplement (aged garlic extract plus B vitamins including vitamin B12) lowered homocysteine, increased brown/white epicardial adipose ratio and was associated with less coronary calcium progression over 12 months.
A multicomponent supplement (aged garlic extract plus B vitamins including vitamin B12) lowered homocysteine, increased brown/white epicardial adipose ratio and was associated with less coronary calcium progression over 12 months.
A 6‑month multinutrient supplement (includes vitamin B12 among other nutrients) improved psychomotor response speed, immediate verbal memory and habitual walking speed in older women; effects cannot be ascribed to vitamin B12 alone.
A 6‑month multinutrient supplement (includes vitamin B12 among other nutrients) improved psychomotor response speed, immediate verbal memory and habitual walking speed in older women; effects cannot be ascribed to vitamin B12 alone.
A 6‑month multinutrient supplement (includes vitamin B12 among other nutrients) improved psychomotor response speed, immediate verbal memory and habitual walking speed in older women; effects cannot be ascribed to vitamin B12 alone.
In Malawian HIV‑infected mothers, lipid‑based nutrient supplements (LNS) increased breast‑milk B vitamins including B12, while antiretroviral therapy lowered some milk B vitamins and attenuated the supplementation benefit.
In Malawian HIV‑infected mothers, lipid‑based nutrient supplements (LNS) increased breast‑milk B vitamins including B12, while antiretroviral therapy lowered some milk B vitamins and attenuated the supplementation benefit.
In Malawian HIV‑infected mothers, lipid‑based nutrient supplements (LNS) increased breast‑milk B vitamins including B12, while antiretroviral therapy lowered some milk B vitamins and attenuated the supplementation benefit.
Patients with severe carotid stenosis took aspirin plus Aterofisiol (multi-ingredient supplement including vitamin B12) or aspirin plus placebo; plaques removed at surgery were analyzed.
Patients with severe carotid stenosis took aspirin plus Aterofisiol (multi-ingredient supplement including vitamin B12) or aspirin plus placebo; plaques removed at surgery were analyzed.
Patients with severe carotid stenosis took aspirin plus Aterofisiol (multi-ingredient supplement including vitamin B12) or aspirin plus placebo; plaques removed at surgery were analyzed.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose B vitamins in elderly with MCI; B vitamins slowed brain atrophy by 40% over 2 years but only in those with high baseline plasma ω‑3 levels.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of high-dose B vitamins in elderly with MCI; B vitamins slowed brain atrophy by 40% over 2 years but only in those with high baseline plasma ω‑3 levels.
Daily fortified milk (including phytosterols) plus lifestyle counselling for 3 months improved several CVD-related markers (lower homocysteine, higher folate/B12) and tended to improve LDL:HDL; effects are from combined intervention.
Acute ingestion of the pre-workout supplement (contains 70 mg methylcobalamin) increased short-term metabolism and improved cognitive scores and perceived energy with minimal safety signals in young trained adults.
Acute ingestion of the pre-workout supplement (contains 70 mg methylcobalamin) increased short-term metabolism and improved cognitive scores and perceived energy with minimal safety signals in young trained adults.
Acute ingestion of the pre-workout supplement (contains 70 mg methylcobalamin) increased short-term metabolism and improved cognitive scores and perceived energy with minimal safety signals in young trained adults.
Eight-week randomized, double-blind trial (supplement contains 70 mg methylcobalamin) found some within-group gains in cognition and strength with PWS, but no consistent between-group advantages in body composition or most performance outcomes; supplements were well tolerated.
Eight-week randomized, double-blind trial (supplement contains 70 mg methylcobalamin) found some within-group gains in cognition and strength with PWS, but no consistent between-group advantages in body composition or most performance outcomes; supplements were well tolerated.
After weight loss and 64-week follow-up, higher reported protein intake correlated with greater weight-loss maintenance; the high-protein group showed higher serum vitamin B12 vs the high-carbohydrate group.
After weight loss and 64-week follow-up, higher reported protein intake correlated with greater weight-loss maintenance; the high-protein group showed higher serum vitamin B12 vs the high-carbohydrate group.
Cross-sectional study found higher plasma homocysteine associated with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with T2D; association remained after adjustment for serum folate and vitamin B12.
12-week RCT in overweight/obese young women found lifestyle intervention produced greater weight and fat loss than metformin or placebo; serum vitamin B12 did not change significantly between groups.
Among people with RRMS, the Wahls diet increased the proportion not getting enough calcium from food; supplements did not fully correct this shortfall.
RYGB led to major weight loss and hypertension improvements; some patients developed low vitamin B12 after surgery.
16-week multivitamin raised B vitamins and lowered homocysteine in men; modest, mainly non-significant cognitive improvements in men only.
Vitamin B complex (with or without folic acid) improved vibration perception and sensory symptoms in alcoholic polyneuropathy over 12 weeks.
Folic acid given with monthly intramuscular vitamin B12 was associated with fewer GI cancers and improved gastric precancerous lesions versus placebo.
In older adults with MCI, B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) slowed cognitive decline and reduced risk of worse clinical dementia ratings, but benefits were mainly observed in those with high baseline omega-3 status.
Among children with ADHD treated with a broad-spectrum micronutrient formula, pre-treatment serum calcium levels did not meaningfully predict clinical response; overall, serum nutrient levels had limited value as predictors.
Double-blind RCT of a multinutrient (including B12 50 µg) for 12 weeks; B vitamin biomarkers (B1, B6, B12) increased with active treatment and modest cognitive attention benefits were seen in a diet-defined subgroup.
Large prospective cohort showing calcium channel blocker (CCB) use was associated with higher long-term all-cause and CVD mortality; associations were attenuated in patients receiving B-vitamin treatment.
Elderly women took a multivitamin for 16 weeks and showed faster spatial working memory and improved some blood nutrient markers.
Among HIV-positive pregnant women, daily multivitamins increased third-trimester weight gain and reduced risk of low weight gain.
Type 2 diabetic patients given micronutrient formulas (one including B-vitamins) reported reduced neuropathy symptom scores, but objective measures did not differ between groups.
Alzheimer patients treated with donepezil plus an antioxidant/B‑vitamin formula showed decreased oxidative stress and homocysteine and some cognitive improvements versus donepezil plus placebo.
High‑dose folic acid–based B‑vitamin supplementation (including B12) produced only a modest (~1 μmol/L) reduction in fasting homocysteine in CAD patients in a folic‑acid‑fortified setting.
Daily Lactococcus cremoris on oat flakes reduced inflammatory marker hs‑CRP and cortisol and produced a small within‑group increase in vitamin B12, though between‑group B12 differences were not significant.
Daily Lactococcus cremoris on oat flakes reduced inflammatory marker hs‑CRP and cortisol and produced a small within‑group increase in vitamin B12, though between‑group B12 differences were not significant.
Giving mothers MMS raised iodine in breast milk but did not change infant growth at 3 months.
Cross-sectional dietary assessment of 291 hemodialysis patients using 4-day recall; evaluated adequacy of energy, macronutrients and micronutrient intakes relative to recommendations.
Six months of resistance training plus protein and vitamin (including B12) supplementation increased plasma B12 and folate and tended to reduce chromosomal damage, with B12 change correlated with reduced MN frequency.
Ancillary randomized, double-blind study comparing high- (4 mg) versus low-dose folic acid in pregnancy; measured multiple 1-carbon biomarkers including total vitamin B12 and found no evidence that high-dose folic acid altered 1-carbon metabolism or vitamin B12 status.
16-week multivitamin raised B vitamins and lowered homocysteine in men; modest, mainly non-significant cognitive improvements in men only.
Secondary analysis found no consistent effect modification by baseline nutritional factors, including vitamin D intake, on multivitamin effects for major cardiovascular events.
Vitamin B complex (with or without folic acid) improved vibration perception and sensory symptoms in alcoholic polyneuropathy over 12 weeks.
Folic acid given with monthly intramuscular vitamin B12 was associated with fewer GI cancers and improved gastric precancerous lesions versus placebo.
Randomized double-blind crossover trial in recreationally active resistance-trained adults testing a ready-to-drink pre-workout (contains B12 among other ingredients); acute and short-term ingestion improved recovery from resistance exercise with no safety concerns.
Daily consumption of micronutrient-fortified cereal with milk for 12 weeks increased vitamin D intake and maintained serum 25(OH)D compared with unfortified cereal, where 25(OH)D declined.
In older adults with MCI, B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) slowed cognitive decline and reduced risk of worse clinical dementia ratings, but benefits were mainly observed in those with high baseline omega-3 status.
In older adults with diabetes who took methylcobalamin (B12) in a prior randomized trial, B12 supplementation showed no significant effect on HDL function measures or on cognitive decline over follow-up.
Six months of a protein/HMB-containing oral nutritional supplement (which included vitamin D) improved multiple biochemical and hematological indices compared with placebo in older adults at risk of malnutrition.
A 12-week daily food-based snack intervention (green leafy vegetables, dried fruit, milk) produced a small but significant increase in circulating β-carotene but did not change vitamin B12 levels.
Thai schoolchildren given zinc plus multivitamins (which included vitamin D) for 6 months had greater height gain than placebo.
Among children with ADHD treated with a broad-spectrum micronutrient formula, pre-treatment serum calcium levels did not meaningfully predict clinical response; overall, serum nutrient levels had limited value as predictors.
In older adults with MCI, daily folate/B12/B6 pills for 1 year did not improve overall quality of life and were associated with a small negative effect on feelings of belonging.
Double-blind RCT of a multinutrient (including B12 50 µg) for 12 weeks; B vitamin biomarkers (B1, B6, B12) increased with active treatment and modest cognitive attention benefits were seen in a diet-defined subgroup.
Large prospective cohort showing calcium channel blocker (CCB) use was associated with higher long-term all-cause and CVD mortality; associations were attenuated in patients receiving B-vitamin treatment.
Among HIV-positive pregnant women, daily multivitamins increased third-trimester weight gain and reduced risk of low weight gain.
In a 6-month randomized trial subgroup, multivitamin use was associated with lower CRP levels compared with placebo.
Adding B‑vitamins (including B12) to diclofenac led to faster and greater pain relief and improved mobility in acute low back pain.
A multivitamin containing B12 improved depressive symptoms but did not change anxiety in men receiving methadone maintenance.
Giving mothers MMS raised iodine in breast milk but did not change infant growth at 3 months.
Six months of resistance training plus protein and vitamin (including B12) supplementation increased plasma B12 and folate and tended to reduce chromosomal damage, with B12 change correlated with reduced MN frequency.
Post-hoc analysis of an RCT comparing fasting + plant-based diet vs guideline diet in RA patients; both groups had dietary calcium below recommendations, with the guideline (DGE) group having higher calcium intake than the PBD group.
In a multinational cohort of ART‑naïve HIV‑infected adults, vitamin D deficiency was common at baseline and mean vitamin concentrations rose after 48 weeks of ART but prevalence of deficiency changed little.
16-week multivitamin raised B vitamins and lowered homocysteine in men; modest, mainly non-significant cognitive improvements in men only.
Secondary analysis found no consistent effect modification by baseline nutritional factors, including vitamin D intake, on multivitamin effects for major cardiovascular events.
Vitamin B complex (with or without folic acid) improved vibration perception and sensory symptoms in alcoholic polyneuropathy over 12 weeks.
Randomized double-blind crossover trial in recreationally active resistance-trained adults testing a ready-to-drink pre-workout (contains B12 among other ingredients); acute and short-term ingestion improved recovery from resistance exercise with no safety concerns.
Daily consumption of micronutrient-fortified cereal with milk for 12 weeks increased vitamin D intake and maintained serum 25(OH)D compared with unfortified cereal, where 25(OH)D declined.
Thai schoolchildren given zinc plus multivitamins (which included vitamin D) for 6 months had greater height gain than placebo.
Alzheimer patients treated with donepezil plus an antioxidant/B‑vitamin formula showed decreased oxidative stress and homocysteine and some cognitive improvements versus donepezil plus placebo.
In RA patients with elevated homocysteine, 12 months of B-vitamin treatment (including B12) significantly lowered homocysteine levels compared with placebo.
Elderly women took a multivitamin for 16 weeks and showed faster spatial working memory and improved some blood nutrient markers.
Healthy adults given a vitamin B-complex (including B12) for 28 days showed reduced exercise fatigue markers and improved endurance time compared with placebo.
Twelve weeks of fortified milk (including B-group vitamins and B12) in older adults increased circulating B vitamins (including B12), raised vitamin D, improved ω-3 status, and lowered homocysteine.
In older adults with MCI, daily folate/B12/B6 pills for 1 year did not improve overall quality of life and were associated with a small negative effect on feelings of belonging.
After gastric bypass, the investigational multivitamin produced higher vitamin D and thiamine levels and lower PTH at 3 months compared with the standard multivitamin.
Type 2 diabetic patients given micronutrient formulas (one including B-vitamins) reported reduced neuropathy symptom scores, but objective measures did not differ between groups.
Alzheimer patients treated with donepezil plus an antioxidant/B‑vitamin formula showed decreased oxidative stress and homocysteine and some cognitive improvements versus donepezil plus placebo.
High‑dose folic acid–based B‑vitamin supplementation (including B12) produced only a modest (~1 μmol/L) reduction in fasting homocysteine in CAD patients in a folic‑acid‑fortified setting.
Daily multivitamins (including B12) during pregnancy reduced the risk of hypertension in HIV‑positive women.
Dietary modelling using national survey data showed adding one serving of common milk products would substantially reduce population nutrient inadequacy, including calcium.
Randomized comparison of four popular weight-loss diets showed diet-specific changes in micronutrient adequacy; the Ornish diet increased risk of B12 inadequacy at 8 weeks.
Eight-week double-blind RCT in older adults showed multivitamin supplementation increased plasma B12 and reduced prevalence of suboptimal B12 status.
Ancillary randomized, double-blind study comparing high- (4 mg) versus low-dose folic acid in pregnancy; measured multiple 1-carbon biomarkers including total vitamin B12 and found no evidence that high-dose folic acid altered 1-carbon metabolism or vitamin B12 status.
Prospective ancillary study evaluating supplement use during chemotherapy; vitamin B12 use before and during treatment was associated with poorer disease-free survival.
46 bariatric surgery patients randomized to probiotics or placebo: at 4 months probiotics improved LBP, TNF-α, vitamin B12 and vitamin D3 and weight loss versus placebo, but most effects did not persist at 13 months except reduced MDA.
Randomized double-blind crossover trial in recreationally active resistance-trained adults testing a ready-to-drink pre-workout (contains B12 among other ingredients); acute and short-term ingestion improved recovery from resistance exercise with no safety concerns.
16‑week double‑blind randomized placebo‑controlled trial of a multivitamin (high‑dose B‑vitamins including B12) versus placebo in healthy adults; measured B12, homocysteine and diurnal cortisol outcomes.
16‑week double‑blind randomized placebo‑controlled trial of a multivitamin (high‑dose B‑vitamins including B12) versus placebo in healthy adults; measured B12, homocysteine and diurnal cortisol outcomes.
In older adults with diabetes who took methylcobalamin (B12) in a prior randomized trial, B12 supplementation showed no significant effect on HDL function measures or on cognitive decline over follow-up.
Six months of a protein/HMB-containing oral nutritional supplement (which included vitamin D) improved multiple biochemical and hematological indices compared with placebo in older adults at risk of malnutrition.
Post-hoc analysis of a randomized nutraceutical trial found EPA/DHA increases correlated with clinical response; measured B12 and folate were not associated with symptom improvement.
Modeling of infant diets showed baseline complementary feeding often provided less than recommended vitamin B12 and some formulated products did not fill nutrient gaps.
Healthy adults given a vitamin B-complex (including B12) for 28 days showed reduced exercise fatigue markers and improved endurance time compared with placebo.
In healthy adults, 6-week supplementation with natural or synthetic B-complex raised blood B-vitamin levels; natural B-complex showed a decrease in homocysteine and larger increases in antioxidant capacity in this small pilot.
After gastric bypass, the investigational multivitamin produced higher vitamin D and thiamine levels and lower PTH at 3 months compared with the standard multivitamin.
Children eating salt fortified with multiple micronutrients including iodine for one year showed better micronutrient status and improvements on several memory and attention tests.
In a 6-month randomized trial subgroup, multivitamin use was associated with lower CRP levels compared with placebo.
A 12-month randomized trial of a multi-component nutrition/diet protocol in ASD found improvements in many clinical and biomarker outcomes; the vitamin/mineral supplement increased some B-vitamin biomarkers.
Dietary modelling using national survey data showed adding one serving of common milk products would substantially reduce population nutrient inadequacy, including calcium.
Maternal supplement (intervention vs control) given from preconception through pregnancy raised vitamin D in breast milk but did not change B‑vitamin levels.
Randomized comparison of four popular weight-loss diets showed diet-specific changes in micronutrient adequacy; the Ornish diet increased risk of B12 inadequacy at 8 weeks.
Secondary analysis of a large prenatal RCT found that higher plasma myo-inositol (not B12) was associated with reduced postpartum blood loss; plasma vitamin B12 showed no association with blood loss in fully adjusted models.
In older adults with MCI, B-vitamin supplementation (including B12) slowed cognitive decline and reduced risk of worse clinical dementia ratings, but benefits were mainly observed in those with high baseline omega-3 status.
In older adults with diabetes who took methylcobalamin (B12) in a prior randomized trial, B12 supplementation showed no significant effect on HDL function measures or on cognitive decline over follow-up.
In a 2-year randomized trial in older men, daily B-vitamin treatment (folate/B6/B12) attenuated the rise in plasma Aβ40 compared with placebo.
Thai schoolchildren given zinc plus multivitamins (which included vitamin D) for 6 months had greater height gain than placebo.
In RA patients with elevated homocysteine, 12 months of B-vitamin treatment (including B12) significantly lowered homocysteine levels compared with placebo.
Healthy adults given a vitamin B-complex (including B12) for 28 days showed reduced exercise fatigue markers and improved endurance time compared with placebo.
Maternal dietary + MMN supplementation for 6 months increased maternal vitamin D concentrations modestly and reduced vitamin D deficiency prevalence compared with routine care.
Maternal dietary + MMN supplementation for 6 months increased maternal vitamin D concentrations modestly and reduced vitamin D deficiency prevalence compared with routine care.
In older adults with MCI, daily folate/B12/B6 pills for 1 year did not improve overall quality of life and were associated with a small negative effect on feelings of belonging.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of L-arginine plus B vitamins for 3–6 months in mildly hypertensive adults; intervention improved postprandial endothelial function, lowered homocysteine and reduced blood pressure.
In patients with mild–moderate carpal tunnel syndrome awaiting surgery, a twice-daily multi-nutrient supplement (including B vitamins and B12) for 60 days improved symptoms and pain versus no treatment.
In patients with mild–moderate carpal tunnel syndrome awaiting surgery, a twice-daily multi-nutrient supplement (including B vitamins and B12) for 60 days improved symptoms and pain versus no treatment.
After gastric bypass, the investigational multivitamin produced higher vitamin D and thiamine levels and lower PTH at 3 months compared with the standard multivitamin.
Children eating salt fortified with multiple micronutrients including iodine for one year showed better micronutrient status and improvements on several memory and attention tests.
Adding B‑vitamins (including B12) to diclofenac led to faster and greater pain relief and improved mobility in acute low back pain.
Giving mothers MMS raised iodine in breast milk but did not change infant growth at 3 months.
A 12-month randomized trial of a multi-component nutrition/diet protocol in ASD found improvements in many clinical and biomarker outcomes; the vitamin/mineral supplement increased some B-vitamin biomarkers.
Maternal supplement (intervention vs control) given from preconception through pregnancy raised vitamin D in breast milk but did not change B‑vitamin levels.
Six months of resistance training plus protein and vitamin (including B12) supplementation increased plasma B12 and folate and tended to reduce chromosomal damage, with B12 change correlated with reduced MN frequency.
Eight-week double-blind RCT in older adults showed multivitamin supplementation increased plasma B12 and reduced prevalence of suboptimal B12 status.
Post-hoc analysis of an RCT comparing fasting + plant-based diet vs guideline diet in RA patients; both groups had dietary calcium below recommendations, with the guideline (DGE) group having higher calcium intake than the PBD group.
Pre-cART vitamin D deficiency was associated with smaller CD4 count recovery over 96 weeks after starting antiretroviral therapy.